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A list of pre-selected items and the items are in a pre-arranged order.

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They might be grammatical structures or they may be functional categories.

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Language is divided up into discrete items.

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More concerned with the products of learning.

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Are focused less on the what of teaching than the how.

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Is organised around a set of tasks.

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Person-centred tradition, interpretation style teaching

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* There are distinctive disciplines such as science and foreign languages.

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* The disciplines have “content" or “things to learn"

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* Learners' performance can be evaluated according to the standards laid down by the discipline.

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* The teacher’s main task is to evaluate and correct learners’ performance

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* Knowledge is the ability to organize thought, to interpret facts, and to act on them.

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* The teacher's main task is to set up dialogues in which learners reorganize their existing state of knowledge.

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* Learners already know a great deal and also have the ability to extend and refashion that knowledge.

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External perspective

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Focus on objective knowing

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Transmitter of knowledge

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Intellectual process (Learning)

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End-focused

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Internal perspective

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Focus on personal knowing

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Facilitator of learning

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Natural process (Acquisition)

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Proccess-Focused

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Types of learning and teaching activities.

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General and specific objectives of the method.

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An approach is a set of assumptions dealing with the nature of language, learning and teaching.

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Contains a broad description of general goals. Is often reflective of national and political trends. (Dubin and Olshtain 1986: 34)

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Is more detailed than the curriculum. Translates the philosophy of the curriculum into a series of planned steps. More narrowly defined objectives at each level. (Dubin and Olshtain 1986: 34)

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Learner's role

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Are not really syllabuses at all.

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An overall plan for systematic presentations of language based upon a selected approach. Anthony (1963)

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Teacher's role

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The role of instructional materials

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Classroom techiniques, practices and behaviours when the method is used.

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Resources in term of time, space and equipment used by the teacher.

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Tactics and strategies used by the teachers and learners when the method is being used.