# data[].attributes.body
who - the Chinese

what - the first antibiotic using soybeans curds.

fact - its a fungus that produces penicillin

# data[].attributes.body
Yeast to ferment beer and bread.

who- the egyptians

what - Yeast was harvested from old leaven or beer makings to make new bread.

fact - The yeast microbes had been asleep for more than 5,000 years, buried deep in the pores of Egyptian ceramics,

# data[].attributes.body
principal of patenting an organism

who - Filippo Brunelleschi

what -  an accepted practice, a living being is considered to be a product of nature  that has been  artificially generated by genetic modification or other techniques,

facts - not only plants can be pattened but also nonhuman animals.

# data[].attributes.body
Fermentation

what - caused by organisms, kills microbes and perverse certain products

who - louis pastear

fact -

# data[].attributes.body
who- robert kochs

what - set of criteria that establisges an organism which is a disease.

fact - microogranism must be found in diseases but not healthy individuals

# data[].attributes.body
produce the first monoclonal antibodies

who - Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein

what - antigen-recognizing glycoproteins that are made by identical immune cells, all of which are clones of a unique parent cell.

# data[].attributes.body
commercial biopesticide

who -
scientist Ernst Berliner

what -is a soil bacterium that forms spores during the stationary phase of its growth cycle.

fact -used as an insecticide spray

# data[].attributes.body
bacteria to treat sewage

who- John Snow

what -  sewage dumped into the river or into cesspools near town wells could contaminate the water supply, leading to a rapid spread of disease

fact -people drank contaminated water until a mother washed her baby's diaper in a town well in 1854 and touched off an epidemic that killed 616 people.

# data[].attributes.body
term biotechnology

who-Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky

what -any product produced from raw materials with the aid of living organisms."

fact- included breeding animals and crops, and using microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer and wine.

# data[].attributes.body
penicillin antibiotic

who - alexander fleming

what -discovery led to the introduction of antibiotics that greatly reduced the number of deaths from infection.

# data[].attributes.body
Dna structure

who - james watson, francis crick

what -realized that DNA was made up of two chains of nucleotide pairs that encode the genetic information for all living things.

fact - won The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962

# data[].attributes.body
human adult skin cells

what -stem cells taken from skin can be reprogrammed to become brain cells and then transplanted directly into the central nervous system,

# data[].attributes.body
who- Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer

what - use restriction enzymes and ligases to express a foreign gene in bacteria

fact - found that this process involved changes in the DNA of the virus.

# data[].attributes.body
genetic modifications

who - Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen,
what - First field trials of genetically modified crop (herbicide-resistant tobacco) in the U.S. and France

# data[].attributes.body
U.S food and drug administration

who - Eli Lilly and Company's Humulin,

what -  the first human insulin for diabetes treatment created using recombinant insulin DNA technology, growth hormone for children with growth hormone deficiency. It was the first recombinant biotech drug to be manufactured and marketed by a biotechnology company

fact - they used e coli to produce the insulin

# data[].attributes.body
modified staple crop

who - china,

Herbert Boyer (pictured) and Stanley Cohen

what - a delayed-ripening tomato, was DNA can be transferred between organisms. It is now known that there are several mechanisms for DNA transfer and that these occur in nature on a large scale,

fact -a major mechanism for antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. released

# data[].attributes.body
polymerase

who - kary mullis

what- polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which a small amount of DNA can be copied in large quantities

fact - being used as a covid test now

# data[].attributes.body
who- dolly the sheep

what - Dolly was cloned from a mammary gland cell taken from an adult Finn Dorset ewe.

fact- first mammal to be clones from an adult cell.  she was named after the country singer Dolly Parton.

# data[].attributes.body
Dna fingerprinting

who-Colin Pitchfork

what - DNA testing was first used to prove a person's innocence in a criminal trial because someone murdered and strangled 2 teengae girls and then he confessed.

# data[].attributes.body
CRISPR - Cas9

who - Emmanuelle charpentier

what - gene editing technology, 2 components, and allows modifications to the genome

fact - adapted as a naturally occurring genome editing system that bacteria use as an immune defense.

# data[].attributes.body
CRISPR

what - a genetic engineering tool that uses a CRISPR sequence of DNA and its associated protein to edit the base pairs of a gene

who -Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna

fact - first able to be able to snip in 2011

# data[].attributes.body
who- christian hansen

what - pure fermentation-produced chymosin are ideal milk-clotting enzymes delivering superior properties for cheese

fact- high cheese quality ? Nothing else found.

# data[].attributes.body
Human Genome

who- James watson

what- coding regions of DNA which encode all the genes (between 20,000 and 25,000) of the human organism,

fact -

# data[].attributes.body
Human Genome

who - 20 institutions in 6 countries

what - nucleic acid sequence of a genetic code

fact - Costed 3 billion dollars, and completed in June 2000

# data[].attributes.body
test developing mad cow disease

who- Soto bio-rad

what -a usually fatal disease of cattle affecting the central nervous system, causing agitation and staggering

fact- A cow gets BSE by eating feed contaminated with parts that came from another cow that was sick with BSE.

# data[].attributes.body
who -Yorktown Technologies,

what -aiwan became the first to authorize sales of a genetically modified organism as a pet.

fact -inserting fluorescent genes from jellyfish and sea anemones into the eggs of a silver and black zebra danio, a tropical fish from India.

# data[].attributes.body
mature cells reporgamming

who - Shinya Yamanaka

what proved that introduction of a small set of transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to revert the cell to a pluripotent state. The resulting cells were called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.

fact - adding just four genes into adult skin cells in mice, he could induce the cells to become like embryonic stem cells.

# data[].attributes.body
who - Martin chalfie, roger tsin, osamu shimatu

what - GFP exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. traditionally refers to the protein first from  jellyfish

fact - contains 238 amino acids residues

# data[].attributes.body
HUPO

what- designed to map the entire human proteome in a systematic effort using currently available and emerging techniques.

who-Sam Hanash (Sam) and Prof. Young-Ki Paik (Young-Ki),

# data[].attributes.body
fda approves provenge

who - Craig Vente

what -a prescription medicine used to treat certain men with advanced prostate cancer

# data[].attributes.body
first plant based drug

who - FDA

what - an enzyme produced in genetically engineered carrot cells,

# data[].attributes.body
who - U.S Supreme Court

what -  ruled today that "naturally occurring" human genes cannot be patented because they are a "product of nature," meaning that they cannot be claimed as a human invention

fact -  on two genes linked to a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

# data[].attributes.body
Crispr first patient

who- jennifer dounda

what - CRISPR-Cas9 to replace the defective beta-globin gene with a repaired version,

# data[].attributes.body
Car T Therapies

who - Food and drug administration

what -a way to get immune cells called T cells (a type of white blood cell) to fight cancer by changing them in the lab so they can find and destroy cancer cells

fact-  only need a single infusion

# data[].attributes.body
Approved herceptin

who - FdA

what -  a breast cancer drug targeted to a particular cancer genotype, the first form of personalized medicine

fact -trade name for the anti-cancer drug trastuzumab.