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Shah Abbas I ruled the Safavid Empire from 1588 to 1629. His troops, who were often Christian boys, were forced into service. Abbas would often import weaponry from Europe and relied on Europeans to teach his soldiers how to use the weapons. He used Shi'a Islam to build a power base that supported his rule and deny legitimacy to the Sunni. This caused many hostilities with Ottoman Empire. These two empire kept fighting so much that the conflicts still live in modern day.

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The Ottomans would instill fear into other civilizations near them to get something out of them. They also had some land near trade routes like the Silk Road and waterways which helped them grow wealthy by trade.

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He ruled the Ottoman empire between 1451 and 1481. After his arm forces made Constantinople surrender, he established the place as the Ottoman empire's capital. He also changed the cities name to Istanbul and it prospered due to its location. Since Istanbul was a connection spot for trade, the city controlled the Bosporus Strait, the only waterway linking the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea causing the city to prosper even more. The since they controlled the Black Sea, Mehmed II sent armies to seize lands around the western edge of the Black Sea leading them to expand into the Balkans. Mehmed II also wanted to conquer Venice, so he strengthen the Ottoman navy and attacked various parts of Italy. Even though this ended up failing as he did not conquer them, he still instilled fear into the city which allowed him to force the city to pay yearly tax making the Empire grow wealthy in the process. He then later expanded the empire into parts of Syria, Israel, Egypt, and Algeria.

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People who were taught from the Devshrime system became elite soldiers who fought to protect the Ottoman Empire.

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Ottoman Empire practice that would force young Christian white boys into becoming soldiers and bureaucrats through training so that they would work for the Ottoman Empire later.

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A political system in which one ruler or leader has complete power and authority over a country.

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The largest and most powerful landholding magnates in Japan, they were great lords who were vassals of the shogun.

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A system that obliged a peasant to provide forced labor services to his landlord in exchange for land.

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There was a disagreement over which would be the rightful successor to Muhammad as leader of the Islamic community. it resulted in the two never coming to terms and splitting into two, Shi'a and Sunni. In Ottoman Empire, they were mostly Sunni with some measure of tolerance. Later on, as later leaders ruled they became less tolerant. The Safavids on the other hand, were mostly Shi'a with no tolerance. The Safavids also used Shi'a Islam as a unifying force, building a power base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy to any Sunni. As a result of this, Shi'a Islam was very hostile towards the Ottomans, causing tension.

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Akbar achieved many religious and political goals during his rule. He made the Mughal Empire one of the richest and best governed states in the world. He would let overseas trade flourish during peaceful time, with Arab traders conducting most of the commerce, trading goods like textiles and spices. Akbar also tolerated all religions. He would always give money or land to the Hindus and Muslims in the empire and would give money for the Catholic church in Goa. He would provide land grants to the new religion Sikhism which developed due to the many religions surrounding the empire. When the Hindus and Muslim were having a disagreement, Akbar tried to ease the tensions between the two by giving Hindus positions in the government and marrying Hindu wives. He also tried lowering the tensions by exempting Hindus from poll tax paid by the non-Muslims in the empire. Akbar was happy when religious discussions came about. He liked them a lot that he invited Catholic priests to Delhi to explain about Christianity. He encouraged learning subjects like art, architecture, and literature. He tried to ban child marriages and sati but failed at it in the end. He also extended the empire southward and westward. He established an efficient government and a system of fairly administered laws. When he started to get more popular for this, men from many parts of Central Asia came to serve him. This created a strong centralized government and an effective civil service.

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Safavid women were permitted to participate in their societies. They were often restricted in their movements but also had access to rights given to the Islamic Law for inheritance and divorce. The Ottoman women would often relay on men for money and social positions. They also had more power in the household. Coffeehouses also had a social effect on the Ottomans. Poets and scholars would go there to discuss the works of writers and other scholars.

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The Ottomans used a system called devshirme to staff their military and their government. This system recruited Christian boys by force to serve the government. They were taught various skills in politics, arts, and the military and received a high level education. They also used a group called Janissaries to form elite forces in the Ottoman army. These boys were often groomed into becoming administrators of newly conquered territories. The Safavids rose to power due to their strong leadership and land-based military might. They would relay on Europe as a way to get their weapons and train their soldiers.

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In the 1600's, scientific thinking gained popularity in Northern Europe because of ideas spreading around like Renaissance ideas, curiosity, discovery, and investigation. Later in 1620, an English scientist and philosopher, Francis Bacon, created a scientific method called empiricism. This method needed a collection of data to back up a hypothesis. This created a thinking of one based on reasoning than on faith which later caused a expediential historical change. Scientific thinking also advanced through leading scholars communicating with each other and the creation of a Royal Academy of Science in France and England. Sir Isaac Newton also published Principia, a work on gravitational forces. This made individuals think that science showed that the world was ordered and rational and that natural laws apply to the rational and orderly progress of governments and society. This later caused the Enlightenment.

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Roman Catholic Churches faced many challenges during the European shift from feudalism to centralized governments. Since Churches had international organization and influence and was boasting a large bureaucracy of its own, it was vulnerable to corruption. Efforts to try and steer away from corruption resulted in a lot of Church reform movements and theological disagreements. These would often be proved as unsuccessful as the power of the Church suffered during the Babylonian Captivity, when the papacy was relocated in France rather then in Rome. Because of this, the papacy gave more influence to the French rulers over the Church causing newly centralizing rulers to began confiscating wealthy Catholic monasteries and establishing their own churches. This made the Church suffer and when it failed to stop the Black Death, it suffered even more.

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Istanbul was a nexus for trade. The Ottomans levied taxes on the peasants and used tax farming to collect it. They also made parts of Italy pay them yearly taxes which made the empire grow wealthy. Many coffeehouses were around the empire which made thriving business. The Grand Bazaar was always full of foreign imports.

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The Ottomans repaired some of the buildings of Constantinople, one of which was the cathedral of Saint Sophia. It was turned it into a grand mosque. They also had miniature paintings and illuminated manuscripts which became famous.

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The Ottomans used a 26-foot bronze cannons and other several cannons from 15 to 22 feet long.

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Similarities:

Both were very tolerant in religion

Both built magnificent architecture

Both were very active in trading and grew wealthy because if it

Both used tax farming

Both expanded their empires through military conquests

Both maintained it by arts, politics, and economic

Differences (Mughal):

The Mughal had a policy of Sulh-i-Kul which was more embracing of religions

The Mughal promoted cultural fusion

Managed the empire by arts and culture more

Differences (Ottoman):

The Ottoman had coffeehouses around the empire

They had the devshrime system where they would force Christian boys to join the military and convert them to Islam

The Ottoman had Janissaries to maintain power