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Context situation:this describes how children learn to read

Frith's model of reading acquisition describes three stages of reading development: logographic, alphabetic, and orthographic.

Frith's work on theory of mind in autism suggests that people with autism have difficulty understanding other people's beliefs and desires.

Frith's work has contributed to a neuro-cognitive approach to developmental disorders.

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Chall's study concludes that, while learning the alphabetic code (variously called phonological awareness, word analysis, decoding, and sound/symbol relations) is essential in beginning to learn to read, it is not all-important.

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Britton found that the function of a piece of writing and its intended audience are important factors in categorizing student writing. He also found connections between these factors and other variables, such as the student's gender, school type, and curriculum subjects.

His work helped teachers understand the importance of using expressive language in the classroom to help children understand the importance of audience on language development.

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3 stages of reading:

1. Pictography

pre-literacy-> a word is not a collection of random letters

2. Phonological

emergent literacy-> decoding letters into sounds

3. Orthographic

literacy-> able to recognise words quickly and accurately

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She said about 7 stages in a child’s development of writing skills

1. scribbling - random marks on page

2. mock handwriting - writings and drawings that indicate lineation

3. mock letters - letters are separated as different things

4. conventional letters - writing name as first word , writing letters and reading it as a word

5. invented spelling - child spells in the way they think words should be spelt in their own way

6. phonetic spelling stage - attach spelling with relevant sounds

7. correct spelling - able to spell most words

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Seven stages:

1. Scribbling

2. Mock handwriting (wavy lines)

3. Mock letters (letters are a separate thing)

4. Conventional letters (letters on page but read as words)

5. Invented spelling stage (spelled in ways child understands it to be spelt as)

6. Appropriate/phonetic spelling stage (attach spelling with sounds)

7. Correct spelling stage

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7 stages of a child’s writing:

1. Scribbling - random marks on a page

2. Mock handwriting - lines of wavy scribbles resembling cursive writing

3. Mock letters - letter-like shapes

4. Conventional letters - a string of letters across a page that a child reads as a sentence

5. Invented spelling - letters start to cluster to form words

6. Approximated/Phonetic spelling - children will start to associate sounds with the letters

7. Conventional spelling - spelling starts to become more and more accurate

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3 modes of writing:

1. Expressive-> first person and based on preferences

2. Poetic-> writing is descriptive and rhythmic

3. Transactional-> third person and chronological

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3 distinct stages of reading/writing

Logographic (pre literacy) where children recognise whole words through visual features.

Alphabetic (emergent literacy) where children learn letter sound correspondences and can sound out words

Orthographic (post literacy) the stage where the reader has adequate phonological skills to use the words stored in their word form area to read and write previously seen words rapidly.

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Stage 1: Scribbling

Random marks on the paper not letter or words, control of pen is unsure, child talks through what they are doing as they are doing it

Stage 2: Mock handwriting

Shapes forming, not fully comprehendible, letters like shapes begin to form, writing and writing skills begin to emerge

Stage 3: Mock Letters

Letters are now formed, random letters not words and spacing is irregular

Stage 4: Conventional Letters

Sounds are linked to Letters, spacing isn't quite there yet, words are sometimes reduced to the initial position consonant

Stage 5: Invented spelling

Phonetic spelling dominates, words which are familiar and simple are often spelled correctly

Stage 6: Appropriate spelling

Complexity in sentences begin, standard spelling is more apparent and writing is now more legible

Stage 7: Correct spelling

Spelling is now more accurate than not and cursive font is now common

Information found on Seneca if want to find out more.

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5 stages of learning to read

Stage 0. Prereading: Birth to Age 6 - From birth until the beginning of formal education, children living in a literate culture with an alphabetic writing system accumulate a fund of knowledge about letters, words, and books

Stage 1. Initial Reading, or Decoding, Stage: Grades 1-2, Ages 6-7 - From birth until the beginning of formal education, gain some insights into the nature of words

Stage 2. Confirmation, Fluency, Ungluing from Print: Grades 2-3, Ages 7-8 - learning the arbitrary set of letters and associating these with the corresponding parts of spoken words

Stage 3. Reading for Learning the New: A First Step. - not for gaining new information, but for confirming what is already known to the reader. Because the content of what is read is basically familiar, the reader can concentrate attention on the printed words, usually the most common, high-frequency words.

Stage 4. Multiple Viewpoints: High School, Ages 14—18 -involves dealing with more than one point of view

Stage 5. Construction and Reconstruction—A World View: College, Age 18 and Above. - has learned to read certain books and articles in the degree of detail and completeness that one needs for one’s purpose

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stages of reading development

1. pre reading 0-6

2. initial reading or decoding 6-7

3. confirmation and fluency 7-8

4. reading for learning the new 9-14

5. multiple viewpoints 15-18

6. construction and reconstruction 18+

development of basics of print reading, by the end they will have acquired many skills such as independent reading, critical thinking and understanding texts with a diverse viewpoint, highlights gradual progression of reading skills and how decoding, comprehension and critical thinking plays into it

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James Britton focused on writing styles and how they are used to fulfill a specific purpose in writing.

There are three modes to his approach:

1. Expressive writing which uses the first person and resembles speech. Examples include diary entries and letters.

2. Poetic writing which develops gradually and should be encouraged at a young age. It introduces the idea of writing for an audience.

3. Transactional writing which is the mode that is learnt the last as it it is developed during secondary school and it uses third person and formal sentence structures.

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Britton (1975) - Modes of children's writing

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Britton (1975) - Modes of children's writing

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Britton's modes are focussed on the purpose of writing as a whole, and the stylistic choices that are made to fulfill specific purposes.

1. Expressive

This mode resembles speech, uses first person, and the content is based on personal preferences.

come in the form of letters and diaries

2. Poetic

This mode develops gradually and is encouraged early on for it's creativity. It introduces the idea of writing for an audience, and tends to use adjectives, similes, rhyme, rhythm and alliteration.

3. Transactional

Developed at secondary school level, when speech is fully disassociated from writing.

Uses impersonal tone (eg. essays), third person and formal sentence structures.

(Mila)