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The Circle of Legends, Tintern Old Station, in Gwent, Wales near Monmouthshire. Geoffrey's statue is the second one on the left in the back, holding his book.

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In Latin, written sometime between 1136-1138 AD. Mixed reactions to GoM, as many did not believe in Arthur's existence; however, was only truly dismissed as factual after a few centuries went by. In modern times, it is considered a pseudohistorical text.

The image caption continued. Arthur's statue is seen to the right of Geoffrey's statue with other Welsh figures, historical or fictional.

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of Kings of Britain")

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of Kings of Britain")

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Prophesied Arthur's conception to Uther before he met his mother. He is a prophet, who knows if Geoffrey meant this as a magic thing or a Christian thing...probably a Christian thing.

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Arthur and Mordred fighting...typical. Mentions the Battle of Badon and Battle of Camlann, also contains Arthur's religious endeavour of carrying the cross on his shoulder (often confusing the word "scuit" which means shield and "scuid" which means shoulder--truly unknown which one it is, GoM used both).

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Welsh Annals (Cambriae Annales), Battle of Badon (carrying the cross upon his shoulder for victory) and Battle of Camlann--his and Mordred's death.

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Wart! Similar tale to GoM's Historia.

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Arthur is the cousin of Culhwch. He is brave and a family man. He helps Culhwch on his quest for Olwen--doing a large portion of the work. He can be rather full of himself, often dissing his "step-brother" Sir Cei. However, Arthur tends to rely on his men to do much of the tough thinking activities. Although he is a brute in this tale, he also relies on his men to allow him to help Culhwch to his fullest extent.

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The real hero of the tale. He is brave, first to jump to action, and many of Arthur's men follow him. Sir Cei was the first to volunteer for the quest and he was the first to have Culhwch's back. When seizing the prison, Sir Cei and his companion Bedivere (Bedwyn) were the one's to ride the Giant Salmon to wreck open to the wall so that Arthur and his men may invade to find the prisoner Mabon.

He has a bad spot for Arthur. When Arthur sings a mocking song to him, Cei decides to leave the party as to not put up with Arthur any further. Typical brotherly behaviour, really.

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Cameo, Arthur's singular wife.

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of Kings of Britain")

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of Kings of Britain")

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Arthur's singular wife from a high-ranking Roman family. Has to celebrate events by herself before men come for the women later in the night. Seemingly, women in GoM's Arthuriana are only there to instigate major events and to be items to men's wares.

GoM claims that it was of her own volition to commit adultery against Arthur. Although, the reader is given zero insight into her life (from her opinion of Arthur to her own downfall). Once Mordred and Arthur are killed in the Battle of Camlann, she joins a nunnery to live out the rest of her days.

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of Kings of Britain")

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of Kings of Britain")

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Arthur here is show to be a great and powerful king, and at such a young age (15). He takes down the Saxons, filling his pockets with an abundance of wealth--which Arthur (according to GoM) was quite generous with his people. However, from the Roman stand point, Arthur becomes a tyrant. Endeavouring on a nine-year conquest to take the lands of Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Gaul, etc. The Romans are displeased with Arthur, then war breaks out. Arthur defeats the Romans; however, Mordred takes control of Britain and Guinevere. Arthur returns to Britain and dies.

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of the Kings of Britain")

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of the Kings of Britain")

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Twisted version of the Welsh Cei; Arthur's seneschal instead of a leading knight.

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Gwalchmai fab Gwyar; is just one of the knights helping Arthur help Culhwch. Is referred to as Arthur's nephew. A peaceful knight who tries mediating pairs in the text.

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Appearing in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of the Kings of Britain")

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Appearing in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("History of the Kings of Britain")

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Brother to Mordred (sorry) and nephew to King Arthur. He is his leading ambassador for the battle to take Rome. He dies, no one really cares.

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("Vita Merlini")

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("Vita Merlini")

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Magic? Gone. A warrior who watched everyone he cared about die? Welcome. Becomes a hermit in the forest (not a bad life). Befriends some animals, kills those who cause him further pain, avoids people in general--living the dream. He basically becomes connected to the Earth before turning to God who miraculously heals his trauma, his PTSD...he just got over it?!?!

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Morgan Le Fay by Dora Curtis (1875-1925)

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("Vita Merlini")

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Appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth ("Vita Merlini")

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One of nine sisters (the cool one), all gifted at something (she is still the cool one).  She was a mathematician, a physician, an engineer, etc. She built herself wings so that she may fly to collect water from around the Isles to heal or assist those who went to her.

There is a reason she is my favorite character. Plus, she kind of mirrors the Irish Morrígan--The Triple Goddess. There is a lot of linguistics pertaining to the origin of her name, all of which relate back to Early Celtic Otherworld tales and linguistics. In Breton, the name "Morgan" means water-nymph, and "Le Fey" is a fairy.

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Morgan Le Fay by Dora Curtis (1875-1925)

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Dw i'n hoffi dysgu Gymraeg. First written sometime after 1275, although it is believed to have been orally transported for centuries prior. Everything deals with the number "3." 3 is an important number to the ancient, Pagan, Celts and it has many symbolic meanings. Symbolizing the Triple Goddess, the three stages of life, the three dimensions/realms, and--in general--it was lucky.

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White Book of Rhydderch folios 55r to 58r and 59rv Trioedd Ynys Prydein

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This looks to me to be Triad 56, The Three Queen of Arthur.

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Gwenhwyfar (The White Phantom/Witch) is the Welsh Guinevere. Within the "Trioedd Ynys Prydein" she is symbolized as a three--the Three Wives of Arthur.

I believe, from a quick glance, she only appears in five Triads: Triads 53, 56, 58, 78, and 80. It is only within Triad 56 that she appears as three persons; although the other mentions of "Gwenhwyfar" or "Gwen" is is introduced with one of the three original fathers, so they definitely appear as three separate women more than a symbolized triad.

Could she be the personified version of the Triple Goddess in which a king would need to marry to secure his reign? Sovereignty myth?

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Warrior King who sacks most of Ynys Prydein (the Isles of Britain). He married three high-ranking women to keep peace and he dies because he was avenging his wife who was slapped by her sister. Arthur does appear in the Trioedd Ynys Prydein from the beginning, but I have yet to read the entirety of it--I have only focused on Guinevere and her kin.

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Galvagin; riding in to help save Winlogee.

For more detail, read under Guinevere.

I want to say that I have read many arguments about this Archivolt. Many claim it would of had to be constructed after the Vulgate Cycle or Malory was written, so sometime in the later 13th-Century. However, engraving is not easy and with the Cathedral being built sometime in the 1180s...I wonder. Why so much argument around it? Why is Arthuriana rooted in everything, yet no one can actually place it's origins? I mean, it's insane, it is actually everywhere--although he is not Arthur, the Chinese even have these mythological kings.

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A KNIGHT! Love him again.

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Appearance in Marie de France ("Lanval")

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Appearance in Marie de France ("Lanval")

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Unnamed, but we know. We know. She failed to woo Lanval, tragic. Her attempt at cheating was made aware to Arthur, but nothing happened regarding the couple was written.

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Appearance in Marie de France ("Lanval")

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Appearance in Marie de France ("Lanval")

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Idiot, that is all that need be said.

I should mention (as I will rely on this Padlet for Thesis) that Marie de France really counteracts want Philip O'Leary said about the Early Celtic honourary system--women align themselves with powerful men so that they may also become power and anything unjust done to the man is also unjust to the woman; however, in Lanval, Marie has Arthur claim that Lanval's "attack" was not just against Guinevere but also on him. hmmmm.

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The center of the Modena Archivolt. She has been captured by Mardoc. Seemingly, she is outside of the tower but still within Mardoc's walls. Arthur is on his way to save her, although she is engraved with a frown. A frown at Arthur saving her or a frown at being held captive? Wouldn't she be smiling if Arthur were coming to save her? Honestly, I think it looks like a frown but it could just be the wear of the engravings. Scholars argue about the date, some say no earlier than 1120 and Roger Sherman Loomis says it has to be before the 12th-Century.

Also important to note is that Winlogee could be a derivative of the Breton name for Gwen, Wenlowen (as introduced by Roger Sherman Loomis).

All Roger Sherman Loomis stuff is from his Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance.

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Riding with his knights to save Winlogee from Mardoc, who are hiding out in Mardoc's tower.

For more detail, read under Guinevere.

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes ("Knight of the Cart")

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes ("Knight of the Cart")

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Lancelot's secret lover, committing adultery. She is Arthur's pawn. He used her to fetch Kay, the seneschal. Kay then takes her and she is abducted by Meleagant. Lancelot goes to save her. When he does, she is not exactly pleased. She returns to court and a tournament is held. She tells Lancelot to do his worst if he truly loves her. She toys with him a bit and then commands him to win. She begins to attempt suicide because she and Lancelot can never be together. An attempt by starvation which she backs out of--not very effective. When she and Lancelot finally spend a night together, she is caught, because blood is on her sheets.

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes ("Knight of the Cart")

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes ("Knight of the Cart")

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I am really starting to dislike Arthur now. He just uses Gwen, more than before. This time is seems completely useless to use her and he simply wants to just to be rude. Does he even love her? Does it even really matter?

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes "Knight of the Cart"

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes "Knight of the Cart"

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You're new here. On the hunt for Guinevere. He gets in the cart, which knights were never supposed to do. Honestly, not his biggest fan. He seemingly gives up everything that makes him a knight simply to save a married woman that he may never truly have (possess is a much better word here).

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes "Knight of the Cart"

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes "Knight of the Cart"

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Assisting Lancelot on his journey, one of the first knights to do so. Gets lost or strays, arguable? Is an honourable knight who fights for those in need, like Lancelot...a lot.

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes "Knight of the Cart"

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Appearance in Chretien de Troyes "Knight of the Cart"

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I hate him again. Kidnaps the Queen...idiot. Why does no one kill this guy? Maybe they did, in a figurative way, since Lancelot has now been created. I thoroughly believe that Cei's downfall is because of the creation of Lancelot... trades one for the other.

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Ideal marriage to Arthur--symbolizing the ideal courtly German marriage. Odd relationship with Ither, the Red Knight.

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Perfectly happy and fearsome king. Ideal marriage with Guinevere, must symbolize the perfect match for all courtly happenings.

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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A big baby who only wants to prove himself as chivalrous. He will suck up to anyone just to achieve what he needs, but--hey--at least he's attractive. Violence is a large portion of what makes Gawain, Gawain; however, I do wonder if--everything I just said--if Gawain actually wanted to do any of it or if he really did just want to achieve what he had grown up around. The movie portrays that angle a lot better than the text does, the text certainly makes it seem as though it was all intentional and Gawain was brave enough to face it where the movie makes it seems more forced.

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Still Arthur's seneschal.

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Happy married couple: Guinevere is not a cheater and Arthur is not a child (like in SGGK). Primarily a religious text, as Parzival's mother was protecting him from the outside world so that he always choose God. Kind of relates to Malory's interpretation of Parzival and the devil.

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One of the Earliest Pieces in the Mabinogion containing Arthur. Written anytime from 1050 to 1250 AD. Lady Charlotte Guest coined the term Mabinogion in the mid-19th Century and was the first to translate all 11 tales inside--including Culhwch ac Olwen. It does survive in some manuscripts, like the White Book of Rhydderch and the Red Book of Hergest. Also, same as Trioedd Ynys Prydein, was believed to have been orally spread for centuries prior.

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I just LOVE this still frame from the movie. I would have put a manuscript page but could not find any new photos we have not already seen, so I gave in. 

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Setting; however, is Northern Wales (arguably).

Chivalry apparently = kill things with and show off how bloody it is, now you are worthy and violent

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Refused to say the queen's name. We all know it's Guinevere, no hiding that one. I do wonder if it is because she did not want to tarnish the reputation of a woman, especially one as high-ranking as Gwen; however, when reading the entirety of her Lais, this was common for her. It is interesting to explore though, as Marie must have known any mention of a Queen betrothed to Arthur would immediately be recognized as Gwen.

Lanval specific motifs that are newly introduced: weak King, generous/loving knights that are "better" than the King, fairies actually termed as such, and adultery but where the action is actually taken against those accused (before, they always went unscathed).

Lais written sometime between 1160 and 1189 AD. After GoM, but before the Celtic (Welsh).

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Yvain in "Knight of the Lion," I could not find a Knight of the Cart Manuscript photo we have not seen before, so I figured I'd pull from another Manuscript. 

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Taking the 🤬 at Marie de France there buddy. She funded you (maybe), proceed with caution. In many regards, Troyes mirrors Marie. It is all about the journey to romance; however, there is more falling in Troyes' works. Lancelot fell from grace by getting on the cart, Lancelot nearly died because of Gwen, and we watched a son get tormented by his own father because he wanted to prove himself--he fell after encountering Lancelot who also almost fell in that fight.

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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Arthur's right hand man (woman). She speaks well to Gawain. Only appears in the beginning during the party and feast. Clearly, she is the one that is well-respected.

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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Basically, a coward. He initially rebukes the Green Knight until he begins to mock him and his court, then he stands but Gawain takes the lead by asking Arthur if he may stand in his place...of course, Arthur says "yes."

A legitimate child. All he wants are games, parties, and food. Poor Guinevere.

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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Appearance in "Gawain and the Green Knight"

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Auntie to Gawain, Half-Sister to Arthur, sleeping with Merlin...honestly, she is the triquetra of a powerful lady here. Auntie to an epic knight, Half-Sister to a power (but skimpy) King, and sleeping with the all powerful Merlin who taught her everything she knows...well that part sucks but.

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Same as GoM, basically.

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Just why? First, she kidnaps Lancelot--then she tries to plan her own half-brother's murder. Morgan/Morgen plays along and plays Arthur's death. She is no longer the inventor/powerful witch self we have all grown to love, but more so a woman obsessed with a man that will never reciprocate those feelings.

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Not my favourite but introduced new cannons. He took the Gwen and Lance story to a whole new level of intimate. Their affair is what makes Arthur lose everything, in Malory's eyes only. He seems to be impartial toward women. Sometimes he completely breaks them and makes them awful...Gwen, but other times they guide the narrative forward--like the damsel helping Lance achieve greatness, she tells him where the trouble is and he goes...completely trusting her.

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Is he really in love with Guinevere? Middle English definition of love is a term closely related to that of platonic love between a man and woman. It does not necessarily relate to the "sexual" love one would normally coin for Lancelot and Guinevere.

His portrayal is certainly different from his "normal" self. Lancelot is not our typical heartthrob, nor is he the knight that many Arthurian scholars have earlier noted him to be.

He and Gwen do end up together, which gets her killed and him into a battle. He kills Gawain's siblings and is a completely different person than how he was portrayed before.

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Sort of an illegitimate child, as GoM introduced. Arthur's conception is basically the same as GoM's tale. Arthur pulls the sword and is King, after fighting many Lords to be respected. He marries Guinevere because she is the fairest and Merlin agrees she is a good choice. He was generous, but that all changes later in his life. He wanted his knights to follow direct orders and he even used orders to make sure they did everything he wanted--even if he was pretending to do it out of the kindness of his heart, like asking Gawain to pull the sword. He is mad at Lancelot, but honestly, what for? It is not like Malory wrote him as a caring husband to Guinevere or really a part of her life in any way shape or form. He dies fighting Mordred per normal.

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Arthur's nephew. Brave and courageous, as Gawain is. He dies in the final battle after he persuaded Arthur to hunt down Lancelot for his crimes.

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Forced to marry Arthur, assuming, as Malory never gave her a voice. Lancelot claims she is the truest wife in Britain. Lancelot and Gwen do eventually get together--although I do thoroughly believe Lancelot was telling the truth when he said they were over. Once everyone is dead, she gives a speech about how it is all her fault. Was she only created to take the blame? Honestly, her history shows that perhaps that is true...she was created to take all of Arthur's faults.