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Stabilizing:
Stabilizing selection favors the average trait over both extremes. The Central American Squirrel Monkey species displays this type of natural selection because a medium body weight is the most advantageous. When a monkey is too small, predators can easily swoop in and snatch them up, but when one is too large, it makes it difficult for it to move around in the forest.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/adaptive-evolution/
Directional:
Directional selection favors one extreme over the mean and the other extreme. An example of this is a Howler Monkey. Howler Monkeys are extremely vocal, so that they can communicate with each other. It is favored for these monkeys to be able to yell as loud as possible, which is an extreme. This trait is favored over the other extreme and the mean.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/group/howler-monkeys/

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Darwin's Theory of descent with modification is the idea that parents pass traits onto their children. New world monkeys help to prove this when two parents with long fur pass it onto their offspring. Another example of this theory is when monkeys with an advantageous trait, such as a prehensile tail, passes it onto their child, who will most likely pass it onto his or her offspring.

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Both of Darwin's theories of evolution are shown in the evolution of Platyrrhines.

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Nonrandom Mating:
New World Monkeys mate intentionally and for life. Because they mate for life,they are careful when choosing the individual that they will spend the rest of their life with. They use sexual selection to in order to pick a partner.
https://www.flashcardmachine.com/bio-final-exam2.html
Microevolution:
Microevolution occurs in different species of new world monkeys. For example, the howler monkey has a hyoid bone that allows it to be heard over two miles. This ability keeps them in contact with each other and warns other monkeys to stay out of their territory.
https://gridclub.com/subscribers/info/fact_gadget_2009/1001/nature/animal_behaviour/394.html

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I believe that New World Monkeys evolve through coevolution, alongside fruit trees and their predators, like large birds. New World Monkeys have traits like their hook-like hands and their prehensile tails that make it easy for them to grab fruit from the trees and to hang from the trees. Large birds can easily swoop into the upper layers of the forest, where some new world monkeys live. This makes is easy for the birds to fly into the trees and grab a monkey, due to their light weight. Monkeys have evolved in order to make it harder for birds to grab them. New World Monkeys have heavy fur that makes them heavier, making it harder for their predators. New World Monkeys evolve constantly alongside the organisms around them.
http://www.zoobooks.com/1358-2/

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The process of speciation of New World Monkeys follows the process of gradualism. Gradualism happens over time. New World Monkeys evolve slowly to adapt to different habitats and their predators. The fossils of their skulls show many similarities with skulls of monkeys before them, which means that they most likely did not change all at once. Also, continuous changes in their environments demand different abilities or traits. Environments do not change all at once, so punctuated equilibrium does not occur in the monkeys.
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-gradualism.html

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After researching New World Monkeys, I believe that their speciation follows gradualism and that they coevolved with fruit trees.

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Bare-eared Squirrel Monkey, Black Striped Capuchin, White-fronted Capuchin, Saki Monkey, Neblina Uakari, Brown Spider Monkey, Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey, Southern Muriqui, Goeldi’s Marmoset, Titi

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http://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/bpa-shows-two-generation-effect/

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The embryos of New World Monkeys are very similar to those of a human. The brain of a tamarin is developed very early, so is that of a marmoset monkey. The Carnegie Stages of development for these two organisms are almost exact when compared to each other. This means that in the early stages of life, these two species are very similar to each other, showing that they're more related than people think.
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Monkey_Development

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In the Animalia Kingdom, arms, wings, and fins are an example of a homologous structure. Humans use their arms to lift and carry things, bats use wings to fly through the air in order to travel,  and whales use flippers to move through the ocean to get from one place to another. New World Monkeys have forelimbs that they use for travel and to carry things.
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-homology.html

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~ All New World Monkeys are small, so that they can travel from tree to tree in the forest with ease.
~ Most have long, prehensile tails that also allow them to move freely throughout their habitats.
~ Their thumbs are in line with other fingers, so they are less opposable.
https://animalcorner.co.uk/animals/new-world-monkeys/

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16.4 million years old (Miocene Period)

http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/spotlite/news/index.php?link=032906

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47 million years old (Eocene Period)

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/earlyprimates/early_2.htm

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5 million years ago (Pliocene Period)

http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/summaries/prehist/70%20monkeys.htm

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Age and Time Period unknown
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Basal-view-of-left-to-right-Lagothrix-Alouatta-Protopithecus-and-Paralouatta_fig4_270762511

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Around one million years old (Pleistocene Time Period)

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-closer-look-at-the-%22Protopithecus%22-fossil-new-and-HalenarRosenberger/e26182cfcc94b9b8a471cd5c83f56e01386a9fa3

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Less than 500,000 years old (Classic Period)

http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/summaries/prehist/70%20monkeys.htm

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With each fossilized skull that I looked at, they were similar, but very different at the same time. The oldest fossils have larger eye openings than any of the more recent skulls do. On the more recent skulls, the nose and jaw jut out further than those on the older skulls. The overall size of the monkeys has subtly gotten smaller over time. This could be so that it is easier for the monkeys to swing from tree to tree because they have less body weight.

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These three types of New World Monkeys share some similarities between their chromosomal structure, but they also have many differences between them. The red-faced spider monkey has less chromosomes than the other two, probably meaning that it is shares less similarities.

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The Red-Faced Spider Monkey has only 17 total chromosomes. They have 16 autosomal chromosomes with 1 sex chromosome.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mapping-chromosomal-homology-between-humans-and-the-Morescalchi-Schempp/

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Central American Squirrel Monkeys have 21 autosomal chromosomes, with 1 sex chromosome. In chromosomes two and five, there are significant creases in the structure.

https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/image/art

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http://culturalanthropology.wikifoundry.com/page/Spider+Monkey+%28Cebidae+Ateles%29

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Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Cebidae
Genus-Saimiri
Species- oerstedii

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Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Atelidae
Genus- Ateles
Species- paniscus

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Taxonomy alone can give information regarding the relatedness of different species. Taxonomy shows how different organisms can date back to a common ancestor. These organisms could have similar traits and DNA, all because they evolved from a common ancestor. The more similar each organisms's taxonomy is, the more they are related. Each of these organisms have similarities, but there are also certain characteristics that set them apart from each other

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http://www.avianexplorer.com/2012/01/central-american-squirrel-monkey/

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Location & Habitat: They typically live on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica and Panama. They live in lowland forests and is restricted to secondary and primary forests. They require forests with abundant low and mid level vegetation.
Physical Characteristics: They have orange backs with olive colored shoulders, hips and tail, with white undersides. They have orange hands and feet as well. The very top of their heads are black and they also have a black tip on their tails. Adults usually grow to be around 270 millimeters long, which is about 11 inches, excluding their tails. Their tails are typically longer than their bodies.
Behavioral Characteristics: They live in groups of around 40, consisting of a few males, a few females, and juveniles; more females than males. There is no dominance in the groups and the males are usually related. Between the groups, there is no competition. They travel on four legs. They often make squeals and chirps to communicate.

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http://www.ethnobiobase.act-suriname.org/species_db/ateles-paniscus/

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Location & Habitat: They are found in undisturbed primary rainforests in Northern Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, and French Guiana. They remain in the upper level of the canopy.
Physical Characteristics: They have long black hair with a bare red-pink face, except for short white hairs. Their faces lighten as they age and infants are usually born with dark faces. Their tales have the ability to grasp and its fingers and limbs are very long and strong.

Behavioral Characteristics: They spend the nights in large groups of around 30 individuals, but during the day they choose to forage food,

travel, and spend time resting with smaller groups. At nights, they call each other with a meeting call and

the large groups gather. They are considered omnivores. Their ability to climb and jump is why they're in the upper layer of the canopy in the forest.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lion_tamarin

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Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Callitrichidae
Genus- Saguinus
Species- niger

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Location & Habitat: Black Tamarins are located in Para, Brazil. They are found in small, yet crowded areas of forest, so that they can hide easily from predators. They tend to stay in the lower to middle strata of the forest.
Physical Characteristics: Black Tamarins are among the smallest primates, typically only weighing up to 500 grams. Their hind limbs are longer than their forelimbs with claws on every toe besides the big toe. They have hairless faces and dark fur with light markings on their backs.
Behavioral Characteristics: They spend minimal time on the ground of the forest. Their main source of food is fruit. They typically live in groups of 4 to 15 other individuals with one dominant female that breeds. All members of the group contribute to the infants of the group.

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Nostrils: New World Monkeys all have nostrils that are far apart and that open up to the side, rather than a down facing nose. These monkeys are known as flat-nosed.
Tails: New World Monkeys share the characteristic of a prehensile tails that allow them to grasp onto trees in order to move.
Molars: These organisms also share the physical characteristic of having three molars. These molars are used for vigorous chewing, which allows the monkeys to eat many different things.
Scent Glands: New World Monkeys all have scent glands, which they can use as a defense mechanism against predators.

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Infant Care: The males of the group often play a large role in raising an infant.
Infants: When monkeys are very young, they are usually carried on their father's back when traveling.
Facial Expressions: New World Monkeys lack the ability to change their facial expressions.
Monogamous Pair Bonds: When New World Monkeys mate, they mate for life. They stay with that partner until they die.

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Black Marmosets have similar chromosome numbers to the Central American Squirrel Monkeys. They have 21 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome.  Chromosomes 2 and 5 have creases in them as well.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2148-7-S2-S11

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New World Monkeys are typically found in tropical forest environments with a lot of tall trees. Places in the world that they can be found in are places like Southern Mexico, and Central and South America.

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Order Platyrrhine