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Planet Formed 4.6 billion years ago
First organisms were single celled prokaryotes (3.5 billion years ago)
Eukaryotes became present 1.8 billion years ago

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Many debris from solar system hit the Earth, vaporizing all water

First atmosphere= little oxygen, a lot of water vapor, nitrogen CO2, methane and ammonia

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Water Vapor then created oceans(solution of organic molecules)

atmosphere= "electron adding" environment

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Complex molecules formed from simple molecules
Energy to do this from Uv and lightning

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Sponges/Cnidarians: basal animals, filter feeders, lack tissue,
Bilaterians: complete digestive tract, and 2 sided symmetric form , most belong to this clade
Eccdysozoa- includes anthropods and nematodes

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Caused clarification of oceans
Provide oxygens to atmosphere
Humans have had major impact on environment, atmosphere, innventions and more
Created predator and prey system
All led to evolutionary changes

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All are heterotrophs- depend on other organisms for nutrition/cant produce their own

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Reproduce sexually through meiosis
Cambrian explosion led to huge diversification of animals
Many different habitats led to huge diversification
Marine life exploded from tiny microscopic organisms to millions of different species

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Symmetry- bilateral, radial, or lack of symmetry
Tissues- cells that work for a function
Body Cavaties- fluid or air filled sac between digestive tract and outer body
Most are invertebraes

*All animals came from common ancestor *

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Chytrids- flagelleted spores, earliest to diverge, multi or single celled

Zygomycetes- grow rapidly (food), may act as decomposers or parasites

Glomeromycetes- supply minerals to roots, 80% plants have relationship w these fungi,

Ascomycetes- common in marine, freshwater and terresterial

Basidiomycetes- long lived heterokaryotic stage, 2 nuclei

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Allow for sustainable atomosphere and soil
plants play crucial role in converting energy forms
Allows for other organisms to obtain energy
Fungi often are essential  decomposers
fungi help protects plants (endophytes)
Affect natural selection of species on Earth

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Fungi:
Sexual and asexual
Plasmogamy- 2 cytoplams fuse
karyogamy- haploid cells fuse creating diploid cell
Many unknown species, diversified as fungi colonized land
Plants: sexual and asexual
Have alternation of generations
diversity emerged as differing plants adapted to new environments

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Fungi:
Heterotrophs - absorb nutrients outside their bodies by use of enzymes

Plants:
Autotrophs- can produce own nutrients through photosynthesis

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Fungi:
Cell wall w chitin multicellular filaments and single cells used for abosption
hyphae- network of filaments

Plants:
multicellular, eukaryotic,photosynthetic autotrophs
cell walls of cellulose
Chloroplasts
*walled spores, alteration of generations and apical meristems(unique to derived plants from the algae)*

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1. Excavata- have excavated grove on body, modified mitochondria &different flagella

2. SAR clade- most photosynthetic organisms and pathogens, arisen by secondary endosymbiosis

3. Archaeplastida- includes red and green algae and land plnats, include species which are base of food web

4. Unikota- amoebas w lobe shaped pseudopoia, may have been firstgroup to diverge

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Unicellular protists use organelles to do functions performed in larger systems (ex: organs)
Producers in aquatic environments are mainly photosynthetic protists
Also form many symbiotic relationships

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Can produce both asexually or sexually

Meiosis- produces 4 different daughter cells (sexual)

mitosis- produces 2 identical daughter cells (asexual)

Sexual reproduction leads to great diversity, as well as endosymbiosis of Eukaryotes
Creation of multicellular colonies also led to great diversity

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Can obtain nutrients through
direct feeding(unique to eukaryotes)
Photosynthesis
absorption of nutrients

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Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles
well developed cytoskeleton- allows for flexibility and to grow
more complex then prokaryotes
Endosymboisis of prokayote and bacteria led to creation

secondary endosymbiosis led to diversity of Eukaryotes (red and green algae)

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Proteobacteria- gram negative bacteria(photoautotrophs,chemoautotrophs,heterotrophs )
Chlamydias- Within animal cells, gram negative
Spirochetes- free living. spiral through environments
Cyanobacteria- oxygen generating photosynthesis
Gram postive bacteria - simpler walls w peptidoglycan

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thin layer of peptidoglycan
located between plasma membrane and outermembrane
more complex wall

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Photoautotroph- uses light as energy //CO2, or HCO3-
chemoautotroph- inorganic chemicals// CO2, HCO3-
Photoheterotroph- light& organic compounds
Chemoheterotroph- organic compounds

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Chemical recycling- some act as decomposers , can also concert molecules to other usable forms for organisms

Interactions(symbiosis)- Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

Used in research and technology for humans

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Binary fission- divides into two cells (asexual)
Divide 1-3 hours
Diverse due to - rapid reproduction,mutation, and genetic recombination , transformation/transduction, conjunction

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Cell walls= peptidoglycan (provide shape and protect from bursting)

Capsule- sticky layer on outside (acts as glue, and protection from hosts immune system)

Fimbriae- help organisms to attach to surfaces

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Flagella- helps movement in response to light, chemical,and other stimuli
*Don't have plasma membrane covering, and dif size than Eukaryotic Flagella*