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Sarah Ferrer, Julia Fuentes, Maria Mendoza (Group 8) 

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Sarah Ferrer, Julia Fuentes, Maria Mendoza (Group 8) 

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Title IX was passed in 1972 and was amended several times after.
Title IX decreased gender discrimination in educational opportunities, including school sports teams, through college. This applied to all programs that received any federal funding. The deadline to comply with Title IX for elementary schools was July 1976, while th deadline for all other schools and   programs was July 1978.

It established female sports teams in college and greatly increased the amount of girls participating in high school sports teams.

Since Title IX, there’s been a growth in the number of women who participate in sports, receive holarships, and benefit from increased budgets.

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Sarah Ferrer, Julia Fuentes, Maria Mendoza (Group 8)

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Sarah Ferrer, Julia Fuentes, Maria Mendoza (Group 8)

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Title IX decreased gender discrimination in educational opportunities, including school sports teams, through college.

It established female sports teams in college and greatly increased the amount of girls participating in high school sports teams.

Since Title IX, there’s been a growth in the number of women who participate in sports, recieve scholarships, and benefit from increased budgets.

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Samantha Hernandez, Emily Hererra, & Dani Ordoñez (Group 9)

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Samantha Hernandez, Emily Hererra, & Dani Ordoñez (Group 9)

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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a civil rights law that prohibits the discrimination of disabled people in employment, public areas, schools, and transportation. It provides equal employment opportunity and ensures people with disabilities are granted public accommodations. This act fights discrimination by not allowing employers, state government, or federal government to deny anyone an opportunity on the basis of disability. It grants rights to people with disabilities similar to those granted on the basis of race, sex, origin, and religion. The act is separated into the following five titles: employment, state and local government, public accommodations, telecommunications, and miscellaneous provisions.

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Gabriela Perez, Isabella Rodriguez and Alexia Arrizueta 

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Gabriela Perez, Isabella Rodriguez and Alexia Arrizueta 

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests and other discriminatory practices that had been responsible for disenfranchising African American voters. It also provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of

discriminatory voting practices. This act significantly changes the desrimination in voting and allows for people of all races to participate in voting. Minority - majority districts fight discrimination because they predominantly minority and therefore give a voice to the minorities in areas concerning districts such as voting. Because the minorities are the majority in these districts, their votes are not squished or discriminated against.

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Erin Uddenberg and Mia Mascaro (Group 5)

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Erin Uddenberg and Mia Mascaro (Group 5)

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Civil Rights Act 1964 Title II-

Title II of the Civil Rights Act 1974 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin in certain places of public accommodations like hotels, restaurants and places of entertainment. This combats discrimination because it abolishes the segregation in public areas, where African Americans can no longer be denied services because if their race. This opens up the possibilities for African American to go if they are looking for a restaurant or other entertainment facility.

Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VII-

Title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of sex, race, color, national origin, and religion. This “ends” discrimination in the workplace because supposedly employers can no longer deny workplace rights to women and minorities.

US v Heart of Atlanta Motel-

Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade racial discrimination by places of public accommodation if their operations affected commerce. The Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, refused to accept Black Americans and was charged with violating Title II. This combats discrimination because private businesses can no longer discriminate.

EEOC-

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination. This is a government agency designed to combat discrimination.

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• The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title II, Title VII, US v. Heart of Atlanta Motel, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped fight against discrimination by putting an end to the Jim Crow Laws which allowed for racial segregation in public facilities, prohibited any form of discrimination in employment or the work place, created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which enforced civil rights laws against workplace discrimination, and authorized the Department of Justice which enforced the desegregation of public schools. US v. Heart of Atlanta Motel justices agreed that Congress has the right to prohibit discrimination in the Heart of Atlanta Hotel under the Commerce Clause, preventing private businesses from discriminating against people.

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Southern states held primary elections. These elections were exclusive to only white voters, therefore, discriminating against blacks and preventing them from participating in elections. Another way in which discrimination was furthered was through the implication of a poll tax. This poll tax restricted the ability of African-Americans to vote because it required citizens to pay to vote, making it something that only upper class men could do. Most upper class or wealthy people were white, while the newly emancipated African-Americans were poor, furthering discrimination.  Many black voters were required to take a literacy test, which further restricted their ability to vote.  They were  impossible to pass, especially for those who weren’t as educated as other voters. Many poor-whites were not required to take these tests, making it easy for whites to discriminate against a specific person or group. Plessy v. Ferguson was the case that made “separate but equal” constitutional, leading to segregation in the South.  This case allowed for schools, water fountains, and other public and private facilities- physical aspects of life- to be labeled either “white” or “colored.”

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• How did white primaries, poll tax + literacy tests + Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) further discrimination?

◦ After finally having abolished slavery, the 13-15th Amendments freed slaves, made them citizens, and granted them the right to vote. Yet their incorporation into society as free people wasn’t easy nor fast. The first to ignore these changes completely were the southern states; they weren’t just slow to move to incorporate former slaves into society—they wanted to stop it at all costs. Even though slavery had been made illegal, and former slaves officially had the right to vote and be citizens, the southern states stopped at nothing to make sure former slaves didn’t receive the rights they had just been granted. Even though slavery was illegal and blacks had been granted the right to vote, this didn’t stop some states from applying state law that encroached upon that sneakily. White primary elections were incorporated, which meant only whites could vote in Democratic Party primary elections. A poll tax meant blacks had to pay a separate fee in order to cast their vote. Literacy tests were applied, which were long written exams that required having extensive convoluted knowledge of American history in order to pass and be “deemed worthy” to vote. Plessy v. Ferguson had the worst effect of all, for it was the case that legalized segregation as “separate but equal” thus making it acceptable. It seemed as if freeing the slaves and passing the amendments did almost nothing at all, for the discrimination they experienced day to day was unthinkable, and perhaps produced worst effects for the violence it incited.

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Group 3 (Riley Adamy, Sofia Dipilla, Daniela Suarez)

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Group 3 (Riley Adamy, Sofia Dipilla, Daniela Suarez)

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Brown v. Topeka Board of Education was a case decided by the Supreme Court in 1954, making segregation illegal in public schools. This case involved a group of families filing a class action suit against the Board of Education in Topeka, requesting that it terminate its policy of racial segregation. The decision of this case overturned the Supreme Court’s previous decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
While the decision was a beginning of an end to discrimination in schools, the decision did not entail the methods that states could use to desegregate them. Because of this, actually ending the segregation in schools was a much longer and more arduous process.

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Carolina Varas (Group 6) Fair Housing Act and Amendments 1968 and 1988

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Carolina Varas (Group 6) Fair Housing Act and Amendments 1968 and 1988

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The Fair Housing Act of 1968, Title VIII - prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of homes based on race , color, religion, sex or national origin
Title VIII Amended (1988) - expanded the coverage of the Act; now prohibited the discrimination based on disability or on familial status, brought on attorneys on behalf of victims of Housing discrimination because of expanded Justice Department jurisdiction

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Diana Bunge, Gabriella Trujillo, and Karolina Cabrera 

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Diana Bunge, Gabriella Trujillo, and Karolina Cabrera 

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◦ Segregation + Jim Crow Laws

‣ What is it?

• These laws created the notion that “separate is equal”

• They prevented the black community from integrating into society (schools, public facilities, housing, jobs, etc.)

• These laws enabled blacks to be subjected to violence as well

◦ Racially Restricted Covenant

‣ What is it?

• Racially restrictive covenants refer to contractual agreements that prohibit the purchase, lease, or occupation of a piece of property by a particular group of people, usually African Americans. Racially restrictive covenants were not only mutual agreements between property owners in a neighborhood not to sell to certain people, but were also agreements enforced through the cooperation of real estate boards and neighborhood associations.

• The practice of private, racially restrictive covenants evolved as a reaction to the Great Migration of Southern blacks.

‣ How did this further discrimination?

• Racially Restricted Covenants enabled blacks to be pushed into what would eventually become ghettos and poor neighbors; they were prevented from integrating and improving their socioeconomic statuses (public schools)