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Cocaine Dependence - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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Withdrawal symptoms may include fatigue, long but disturbed sleep, strong hunger, irritability, depression, and violence. These symptoms prove the dependency that is built up over periods of snorting/smoking cocaine.

-Pleasurable effects of cocaine only lasts a few minutes, within about 15 minutes of usage the feeling of "euphoria" will be gone causing the user to crave for more. This effect can be troublesome to those who do not have good self control. This factor creates difficulty when overcoming addiction.

-Cocaine causes users to become sensitive to their environment. A common behavioral issue with users is aggression. Cocaine itself does not produce aggression but may produce a wave of other emotions showing sensitivity/vulnerability. It is a drug that is proven to create dependency, and a drug that is proven to be easily addictive and adaptable thus increasing difficulty in withdrawing from it.

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PLEASE DON'T DO COCAINE FULL SONG! COCAINE RUINS YOUR BRAIN HEY!

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Coca is one of the oldest and most dangerous stimulants of natural origin. Three thousand years before the birth of Christ, ancient Incas in the Andes chewed coca leaves to get their hearts racing and to speed their breathing to counter the effects of living in thin mountain air. Cocaine was first extracted from coca leaves in 1859 by German chemist Albert Niemann. From the 1850s to the early 1900s, cocaine and opium-laced elixirs, tonics and wines were broadly used by people of all social classes. Notable figures who promoted the “miraculous” effects of cocaine tonics and elixirs. By 1905, it had become popular to snort cocaine and within five years, hospitals and medical literature had started reporting cases of nasal damage resulting from the use of this drug. In 1912, the United States government reported 5,000 cocaine-related deaths in one year and by 1922, the drug was officially banned. In the 1970s, cocaine emerged as the fashionable new drug for entertainers and businesspeople. In the late 1970s, Colombian drug traffickers began setting up an elaborate network for smuggling cocaine into the US. By the late 1980s, cocaine was no longer thought of as the drug of choice for the wealthy. In the early 1990s, the Colombian drug cartels produced and exported 500 to 800 tons of cocaine a year, shipping not only to the US but also to Europe and Asia. As of 2008, cocaine had become the second most trafficked illegal drug in the world.

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Energetic, alert, has a rapid heart rate and breathing, dilated pupils, sweating, pallor and decreased appetite.

Large doses can cause severe agitation, paranoid thinking, erratic or violent behaviour, tremors, in-coordination, twitching, hallucinations, pain or pressure in the chest, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convulsions and death.

Impurities in street cocaine may produce a fatal allergic reaction. People may experience depression, extreme tiredness, and stuffy nose as a" hangover" from cocaine.

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As tolerance to the drug increases, it becomes necessary to take greater and greater quantities to get the same high. Prolonged daily use causes sleep deprivation and loss of appetite. A person can become psychotic and begin to experience hallucinations. As cocaine interferes with the way the brain processes chemicals, one needs more and more of the drug just to feel “normal.” People who become addicted to cocaine lose interest in other areas of life. Coming down from the drug causes depression so severe that a person will do almost anything to get the drug, even commit murder. The depression can get so intense it can drive the addict to suicide.

Permanent damage to blood vessels of heart and brain

High blood pressure, leading to heart attacks, strokes, and death

Liver, kidney and lung damage

Destruction of tissues in nose if sniffed

Respiratory failure if smoked

Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected

Malnutrition, weight loss

Severe tooth decay

Auditory and tactile hallucinations

Sexual problems, reproductive damage and infertility (for both men and women)

Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion

Irritability and mood disturbances

Increased frequency of risky behavior

Delirium or psychosis

Severe depression

Tolerance and addiction

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22-25 million people in the United States have tried cocaine at least once

8.2% of high school seniors in 2001 reported having tried cocaine at least once

up to 75% of people who try cocaine, even only once, get addicted

adults 18-25 have the highest usage rate of all of the age groups

in 1998, approximately 300,000 babies were born addicted to cocaine, meaning that the mother used cocaine while pregnant

nearly half of all drug-related emergencies are due to cocaine

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Cocaine causes a short-lived, intense high that is immediately followed by the opposite, intense depression, edginess and a craving for more of the drug. People who use it often don’t eat or sleep properly. They can experience greatly increased heart rate, muscle spasms and convulsions. The drug can make people feel paranoid, angry, hostile and anxious, even when they aren’t high. Regardless of how much of the drug is used or how frequently, cocaine increases the risk that the user will experience a heart attack, stroke, seizure or respiratory failure, any of which can result in sudden death.

Loss of appetite

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature

Contracted blood vessels

Increased rate of breathing

Dilated pupils

Disturbed sleep patterns

Nausea

Hyperstimulation

Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior

Hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability

Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs burrowing under the skin

Intense euphoria

Anxiety and paranoia

Depression

Intense drug craving

Panic and psychosis

Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses

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Cocaine is lipid soluble with an octanal partition of 8 to 10 with the pH of 7.4 which means it can easily cross biological membranes.

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Benzoylmethylecgonine

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A constant cocaine user can develop problems within their nose, which leads to the next reaction of cocaine. Cocaine can create serious damage to the nose. The nose has a very limited blood supply which is constricted when cocaine is used and can cause vasoconstriction which closes off the blood vessels. Since the vessels are then constricted and the blood supply is cut off and the oxygen level is low it could lead to the septum lining dying off, which leads to the cartilage dying off and the nostrils collapsing and causes a hole in the septum.

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Powdered cocaine is illegal. Powdered cocaine is a Schedule II substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Schedule II drugs, which include PCP and methamphetamine, have a high potential for abuse. Abuse of these drugs may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. However, cocaine can be administered by a doctor for legitimate medical uses, such as local anesthesia for some eye, ear, and throat surgeries. As a street drug, cocaine appears as a fine, white, crystalline powder and is also known as Coke, C, Snow, Powder, or Blow. Street dealers often dilute it with non-psychoactive substances such as cornstarch, talcum powder, flour, or baking soda to increase their profits. They may also adulterate cocaine with other drugs like procaine or amphetamine.
Cocaine is a "Schedule 1" drug, meaning that possession of the drug can lead to a maximum of 7 years imprisonment.

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Cocaine is a highly addictive drug. For thousands of years, people in South America have chewed and ingested coca leaves, which is the source of cocaine, for their stimulant effects.The purified chemical, cocaine hydrochloride, was isolated from the plant more than 100 years ago. In the early 1900s, purified cocaine was the main active ingredient in many tonics and elixirs developed to treat a wide variety of illnesses and was even an ingredient in the early formulations of Coca-Cola®. Before the development of synthetic local anesthetic, surgeons used cocaine to block pain. However, research has since shown that cocaine is a powerfully addictive substance that can alter brain structure and function if used repeatedly.

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Who is it used by? (relevance to age group)

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Who is it used by? (relevance to age group)

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Individuals of all ages use cocaine--data reported in the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse indicate that an estimated 27,788,000 U.S. residents aged 12 and older used a form of cocaine at least once in their lifetime. Powdered cocaine use among high school students is a particular concern. Seven percent of high school seniors in the United States used the drug at least once in their lifetime, and 2 percent used the drug in the past month, according to the University of Michigan's Monitoring the Future Survey.

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-“Cocaine / Coke Information.” Narconon International, www.narconon.org/drug-information/cocaine-coke.html.
-“Cocaine: Effects, Hazards & Warnings.” Drugs.com, Drugs.com, www.drugs.com/illicit/cocaine.html.
- Hamilton, Jason. "What Effect Does Cocaine Have on the Nose?" Best ENT Doctors Los Angeles of the Osborne Head Neck Institute RSS. Osborn Head and Neck Institute, 18 Aug. 2014. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
- "National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)." National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2014.
- Perkin, F. Mollwo. Qualitative Chemical Analysis, Organic and Inorganic. London: Longmans, Green, 1910. Print.
"Street Names." - In The Know Zone. Education Specialty Publishing, 2011. Web. 17 Sept. 2015.
- “The Effects of Cocaine Use.” DrugAbuse.com, 26 Oct. 2017, drugabuse.com/library/the-effects-of-cocaine-use/.
-“What Is Cocaine?” WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/cocaine-use-and-itseffects#1https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine.
-“Watch Truth About Drugs Documentary Video & Learn About Substance Addiction. Get The Facts About Painkillers, Marijuana, Cocaine, Meth & Other Illegal Drugs.” Foundation for a Drug-Free World,www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/cocaine.html.

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Cocaine is usually administered by snorting or sniffing it. It can also be injected into you. When snorted, the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal membranes. The drug reaches the brain--and produces its euphoric effect--within 3 to 5 minutes. When injected, the drug is released directly into the bloodstream and reaches the brain within 15 to 30 seconds.

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Cocaine typically is sold to users as a fine, white, crystalline powder.

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Cocaine is a powerful and addictive stimulant drug.

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