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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and it is a tool that's used to change any letter of an organism's DNA code.

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"What is CRISPR gene editing, and how does it work?"

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"What is CRISPR gene editing, and how does it work?"

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Crosby, Merlin

June 2018

Possibly biased towards the use of CRISPR

No controversy

This article defines CRISPR, explains how it works, and what its uses are.

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What is CRISPR gene editing, and how does it work?: EBSCOhost

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Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments. Although cloning has potential, currently, it is rarely ever successful. Only 2% to 5% of cloning experiments, an embryo is successfully created.  The egg usually doesn't accept cell or doesn't divide.

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"Dolly was cloned in a laboratory by a technique called nuclear transfer; she is virtually genetically identical to a sheep born six years before she was."

MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
Klotzko, Arlene Judith. The Cloning Sourcebook. Oxford University Press, 2003.

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"Correction of copy number induced false positives in CRISPR screens"

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"Correction of copy number induced false positives in CRISPR screens"

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de Weck, Antoine, et al.

July 2018

No bias

Controversy over the appearance of false positives during the gene editing process.

This article discusses how the frequent use of CRISPR in DNA causes the cells being investigated to die off.

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"CRISPR allows scientist to easily and inexpensively find and alter virtually any piece of DNA in any species." "Soon, June's 18 trial patients will become the first people in the world to be treated with CRISPR'd cells—in this case, cells genetically edited to fight cancer."
Author, Park, Alice
December, 2016
no bias
no controversy

The article states that CRISPR can be used to help cure viruses like the Zika virus and possible can even be used to help cure cancer.

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“Back to the Future: Controlling Synthetic Life Science Trade in DNA Sequences” Gabrielle Samuel, Michael J. Selgelid, and Ian Kerridge

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“Back to the Future: Controlling Synthetic Life Science Trade in DNA Sequences” Gabrielle Samuel, Michael J. Selgelid, and Ian Kerridge

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Leans toward regulation of usage
Description: Developed in the 21st century, synthetic life science is defined as chemical synthesis of DNA sequences
Controversy: can be used as a biological weapon
September 2010
http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=62030508&S=R&D=ulh&EbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSep7c40dvuOLCmr1Cep7NSr

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Artificial intelligence is a collection of several analytic tools that collectively attempt to imitate life.

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The controversy over the ethics involved in cloning lie in three areas: "[1]Cloning had taken on a life of its own and had powerful supporters who were committed to seeing human cloning advance to serve their own agendas (Adler,1997; Powers, 1998). [2]Cloning should advance unhindered because every American has a fundamental and constitutionally guaranteed right to re-produce (Robertson, 1994; Silver, 1997; Wolf, 1997). [3]Human cloning should advance because science must always be free to go where it wishes to go(Stolberg, 1998; Kolata, 1998).

MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)
Klotzko, Arlene Judith. The Cloning Sourcebook. Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Synthetic Biology is the artificial creation of biological systems

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"Artificial Intelligence : Approaches, Tools, and Applications

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"Artificial Intelligence : Approaches, Tools, and Applications

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Author: Gordon, Brent
Date: 2011
Bias: Possible bias towards the further development of A.I.
Controversy:
Description:
Discusses the development of tools in the A.I. field as well as many of the used it has in fields such as medicine, oil and gas, and navigation.

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"Brains, Tortoises, and Octopuses: Postwar Interpretations of Mechanical Intelligence on the BBC"

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"Brains, Tortoises, and Octopuses: Postwar Interpretations of Mechanical Intelligence on the BBC"

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Jones, Allan
No bias
Description: Discusses the viewpoints of both skeptics and nonskeptics. Skeptics (those with a background in mathematics or physical science argued that machines could not be intelligent while nonskeptics (those with a biological orientation) believed that the distinction between animal brains and machines might not be clear.

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Controversy: Whether Cloning is beneficial 

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Controversy: Whether Cloning is beneficial 

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U.S. Food and Drug administration announced that it had the authority to regulate human cloning, and that anyone who attempted to clone a human being without FDA approval would be violating federal law. A hasty effort to ban human cloning failed in the U.S. Senate in February, after opponents of the measure warned that it would stifle biomedical research. Those opposed to the bill included prominent scientists as well as leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

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Implications of CRISPR-Based Germline Engineering for Cancer Survivors.

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Implications of CRISPR-Based Germline Engineering for Cancer Survivors.

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This article comes from EBSCO and tells that CRISPR is an acronym for "clustered regular inter spaced short palindromic repeats" and is used to genetically modify the genetic makeup of someone. The biggest reason behind this science is to prevent illnesses such as cancer. It is still being perfected but has come a long way since its beginnings. CRISPR is a prevention method, not a cure to change something that has already happened, such as an identifiable trait before birth that signifies cancer in later life

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"On the road to synthetic life: the minimal cell and genome-scaleengineering"

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"On the road to synthetic life: the minimal cell and genome-scaleengineering"

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Mario Juhas
12 January 2015
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&sid=5ce195b8-d4f8-4ab1-a0d8-c594833302e5%40sessionmgr4010
Describes how Synthetic Biology is rapidly developing, quickly leading to the first fully synthetic biological system. Currently, full Chromosomes are being developed to construct fully-synthetic eukaryotic genomes.

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1 A veterinarian collects tissue biopsies from a dog. Cells from the tissue samples are grown in a nutrient-rich medium in a lab.
2 Egg cells are surgically collected from the ovaries of a surrogate female dog.
3 An egg cell's DNA is made visible by staining it with a chemical that glows under ultraviolet (UV) light. A fine needle is inserted into the cell to remove the glowing DNA.
4 A cell from the original donor dog is inserted into the egg cell. An electric pulse fuses the two cells together and another pulse starts cell division.
5 Once the egg begins to divide the embryo is transferred into the reproductive tract of a different surrogate dog.
5 If the pregnancy is successful, the puppy is born in about two months. The puppy will be genetically identical to the original dog, but it may or may not look identical

http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=19&sid=637fb5a0-a6be-43ea-9206-d4c15ca67945%40pdc-v-sessmgr04&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=131330757&db=mih