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LDL: low-density (cholesterol is transported within the blood)  lipoprotein: "bad protein"
HDL: high-density (removes cholesterol from blood) lipoprotein: "bad cholesterol"
lipoprotein: group of soluble proteins that transports lipids in blood plasma
*** Neither one is actually good or bad because you need a balance between LDL and HDL in your body

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LDL: transports cholesterol to cells to produce protective walls around them
- liver or macrophages (scavenger cells )remove remaining LDL
- too much LDL -> binds to artery walls  -> clogs arteries -> leads to cardiovascular disease
HDL: binds excess cholesterol transferring it to other lipoproteins or the liver for removal through the intestines

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- known as a lipid profile or panel
- blood test measuring amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
- determines the patient's risk of cardiovascular disease

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LDL:
- 50% cholesterol
- 25% protein
- less dense than LDL
- twice the size HDL
- contains B-100 proteins (form of LDL that moves cholesterol around the body)
- richest in cholesterol than all the other lipoproteins

HDL:
- 20% cholesterol
- 50% protein
- more dense structures than LDL because protein is more dense than fat
- contains A-I and A-II proteins (apoproteins of HDL)

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- blood tests can determine the breakdown of two main parts of cholesterol (HDL & LDL)
- levels of HDL & LDL helps doctors evaluate whether patient is at risk of cardiovascular disease

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Normal range levels of HDL and LDL for adults (18+)

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Normal range levels of HDL and LDL for adults (18+)

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Total cholesterol levels:
200 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter)
LDL cholesterol levels:
less than 100 mg/ dL
HDL cholesterol levels:
60 mg/dL or higher

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March 16, 2018. Cholesterol levels by age: Differences and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315900.php. 

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March 16, 2018. Cholesterol levels by age: Differences and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315900.php. 

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Normal range levels of HDL and LDL for children (<18) 

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Normal range levels of HDL and LDL for children (<18) 

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Total cholesterol levels:
less than 170 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter)
LDL cholesterol levels:
less than 110 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol levels:
45mg/dL or higher

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- abundance of LDL leads to plaques inside artery walls causing atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries)
-  clogging of arteries blocks blood flow which causes heart attacks or strokes

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- abundance of HDL lowers risk of cardiovascular disease
- this is less likely for most people, but if you have too much HDL this is also bad because you need a balance of HDL and LDL to energize your cells

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March 17, 2018. High HDL Cholesterol: Can It Be a Problem? Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/high-hdl#next-steps. 

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March 17, 2018. High HDL Cholesterol: Can It Be a Problem? Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/high-hdl#next-steps. 

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type of lipids found in cholesterol molecules
- end product after digesting down fats
- high levels of triglycerides increase risk of stroke and heart disease

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- hyperglycemia may lead to diabetes (inability to produce insulin to open cells), kidney failure, strokes, blindness, neuropathy, etc.
- also leads to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries)

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Chart for average adult cholesterol levels

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Chart for average adult cholesterol levels

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- overall amount of cholesterol in body
- ratios of HDL, LDL and other lipids

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- No Smoking
- Lose weight by doing physical activities (at least 30 minutes a day)

aerobic activities increases            HDL concentration

- consume healthy fats such as Omega-3 fatty acids
- healthy diet containing low amounts of fats (more veggies and fruits)
- medication could be taken if needed (statin drugs to lower LDL production in liver)
- increase soluble fibers (oats, beans, lentils) - lowers LDL and benefits heart

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- consists of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated
- beneficial to blood cholesterol
- found in walnuts, avocados, olives, corn, and salmon

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- most of these fats come from animal products (beef, pork, lamb, butter, and dairy products)
- excessive saturated fats increases LDL cholesterol levels
- no more than 5-6% of total calories

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- from industrial foods that adds hydrogen to vegetable oils, making them solid
- raises cholesterol which leads to heart disease and clogging of arteries