# data[].attributes.body
Year: At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries
Author: L. Sauveur & F. Franke.
Basic Beliefs:
-  Teachers must encourage direct and spontaneous
use of the foreign language in the classroom.
- Known words could be used to teach new vocabulary, using
mime, demonstration, and pictures.
- New teaching points were introduced orally.
- Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught.

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THE ORAL APPROACH AND SITUATIONAL LANGUAGE TEACHING

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THE ORAL APPROACH AND SITUATIONAL LANGUAGE TEACHING

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Year: In the 1920s and 1930s,
Author: Harold Palmer and A. S. Hornby
Basic Beliefs:
- Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught before complex ones.
- Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and gram
matical
basis is established.
- New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.

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Year: In the 1950s
Author: Linguists at the University of Michigan
Basic Beliefs:
- Foreign language learning is basically a process of mechanical habit formation.
- Language skills are learned more effectively if the items to be learned in the target language are presented in spoken form before they are
seen in written form.
- Analogy provides a better foundation for language learning than analysis. Analogy involves the processes of generalization and discrimination.
- The meanings that the words of a language have for the native speaker can be learned only in a linguistic and cultural context and not in isolation.

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Year: 1925.
Author: James Asher
Basic Beliefs:
- Children develop listening competence before they develop the ability
to speak.
- Children’s ability in listening comprehension is acquired because children
are required to respond physically to spoken language in the
form of parental commands.
- Brain lateralization defines different learning functions in the left- and
right-brain hemispheres.

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Year: 1963
Author: Caleb Gattegno
Basic Beliefs:
- It is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible.
-It shares a
great deal with other learning theories and educational philosophies.
-Learning is facilitated by problem solving involving the material to be learned.
- Learning is facilitated by accompanying physical objects.

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Year:  1845

Author: Johann
Seidenst ucker, Karl Pl ¨ otz, H. S. Ollendorf, and Johann Meidinger

Basic Beliefs:
- Consisting of little more than memorizing rules and facts in order to understand and manipulate the morphology and
syntax of the foreign language.
- Reading and writing are the major focus
- The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice.
- Grammar is taught deductively – that is, by presentation and study of grammar rules,

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Year: 1960
Author: Charles Arthur Curran
Basic Beliefs:
- Engage the whole person, including the emotions and feelings as well as linguistic knowledge and behavioral skills.
- Learner exchanges deepen in intimacy as the class becomes a community of learners.
- Interaction between learners and knowers is initially dependent. The learner tells the knower what he or she wishes to say in the target language, and the knower tells the learner how to say it.
- The learner knows everything the teacher does and can become knower for a new learner.

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Year: 1978
Author: Made by the Bulgarian psychiatrist-educator Georgi Lozanov.
Basic Beliefs:
- Organize properly and strictly observe the initial stages of the teaching process
- Give tests and respond tactfully to poor papers.
- Maintain a modest enthusiasm.
- Maintain a solemn attitude toward the session.

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Year: Created in the 1980s
Author: Made by a group of U.S.
educators.
Basic Beliefs:
- A focus on real and natural events rather than on specially written stories that do not relate to the students’ experience.
- The reading of real texts of high interest, particularly literature.
- Writing for a real audience and not simply to practice writing skills.
- Integration of reading, writing, and other skills.
- Reading and writing in partnership with other learners.

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Year: 1983
Author: Howard gardner
Basic Beliefs:
-Specific capabilities

-Understanding

-Autonomous sets

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Year: Mid 1970
Author: john Frindler and Richard Bandler.
Basic Beliefs:
-Which are the outcome
-Sensory acuity
-Flexibility

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Year: 1993
Author: Lewis
Basic Beliefs:
- Advances in computer based studies of language
- Classroom - accessible
- Lexically based inquiry and instruction.

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COMPETENCY-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH 

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COMPETENCY-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH 

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Year: 1978
Author: Schenck
Basic Beliefs:
- Aased education
- Improving silabuses
- More effective languaje learning

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COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH 

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COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH 

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Year: 1972
Author: Hymes
Basic Beliefs:
- Focus of linguistic theory
- Ability for language use with respect to whether
- Competence for many writer

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Year: 1977
Author: TRACY D TERRELL
Basic Beliefs:
- Specific Learning
- Silent way
- Counseling - apprenticeship

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Year: 1988
Author: Rodgers
Basic Beliefs:
- Help the teacher build positive relationship amoung student
- Replace the competitive organizational.
- Give student experiences

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Year: 1987
Author: Krahnke
Basic Beliefs:
- An approach to second language
- Supporting and proposals translation
-Variety of different meaning in languaje teaching.

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Year: 1996
Author: willis
Basic Beliefs:
- Activities that involve real communication are essential for language learning.
- Aanguage that is meaningful to the learners supports the leaning process
- Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaning toast promote learning.

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*Approaches_and_Methods_in_Language_Teach