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Explain the structures and functions of organelles

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Explain the structures and functions of organelles

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Explain the structures and functions of each organelle assigned. You may add additional info if necessary. Have fun.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Damia Nurfarisya)

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Damia Nurfarisya)

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Muhammad Ariff)

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Muhammad Ariff)

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Golgi Body/ Apparatus (Norhanani Syamimi)

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Golgi Body/ Apparatus (Norhanani Syamimi)

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Lysosomes serve two major functions:
Intracellular Digestion:
To digest food, the lysosome membrane fuses with the membrane of food vacuole and squirts the enzymes inside.
Autolytic Action:
Cell organelles that need to be get ridden are covered by vesicles or vacuoles by the process of autophagy to form autophagosome.

Collectively the group of enzymes is called hydrolases which cause cleavage of substrates by the addition of water molecules. Most of the lysosomal enzymes function in the acidic medium

LAMPs and LIMPs form a coat on the inner surface of the membrane
They protect the membrane from attack by the numerous hydrolytic enzymes retained inside.
The lysosomal membrane has a hydrogen proton pump which is responsible for maintaining pH conditions of the enzyme The acidic medium maintained by the proton pump that pumps H+ inside the lumen, ensures the functionality of the lysosomal enzymes.
Inside the membrane, the organelle contains enzymes in the crystalline form.
Transport proteins in the cell membrane allow for selective passage of specific molecules from the external environment. Each transport protein is specific to a certian molecule (indicated by matching colors).

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FACTS ABOUT CENTRIOLE

♡ Each centriole is made up of a ring of nine groups of microtubules.

♡ There are three fused microtubules in each group.

♡ The two centrioles are arranged such that one is perpendicular to the other.

♡ During animal cell division, the centrosome divides and the centrioles replicate (make new copies).

IMPORTANCE OF CENTRIOLE
✿ The main function of centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells

✿ The centrioles also help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis).

✿ The second function of centrioles that we will focus on is ciliogenesis

WHAT IS CILIOGENESIS ?

ʕ·ᴥ·ʔ Ciliogenesis :  the building of the cell's antenna (primary cilia) or extracellular fluid mediation mechanism (motile cilium)

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STRUCTURE :-

Mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane, with an intermembrane space between them. The outer membrane contains proteins known as porins, which allow movement of ions into and out of the mitochondrion. Enzymes involved in the elongation of fatty acids and the oxidation of adrenaline can also be found on the outer membrane.

The space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is known as the matrix, which contains the enzymes of the Krebs (TCA) and fatty acid cycles, alongside DNA, RNA, ribosomes and calcium granules.

The inner membrane contains a variety of enzymes. It contains ATP synthase which generates ATP in the matrix, and transport proteins that regulate the movement of metabolites into and out of the matrix.

The inner membrane is arranged into cristae in order to increase the surface area available for energy production via oxidative phosphorylation.

FUNCTION :-

The mitochondrion is the site of ATP synthesis for the cell. The number of mitochondria found in a cell are therefore a good indicator of the cell’s rate of metabolic activity; cells which are very metabolically active, such as hepatocytes, will have many mitochondria.

Mitochondria also have a role to help maintain the intracellular environment. They:

Store caspases responsible for triggering apoptosis.

Are able to transiently store calcium contributing to calcium homeostasis.

In brown adipose tissue mitochondria have an alternative function of heat production using the electron transport chain.

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Golgi Apparatus by Norhannani Syamimi                                                                        

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Golgi Apparatus by Norhannani Syamimi                                                                        

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Assalamualaikum sir Roslan and all my classmates, my name is Hannani and I want to share with you all about golgi apparatus and I hope you will gain some knowledges about golgi apparatus, thank you!!!!

what is golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus or the Golgi body or Golgi complex or simply Golgi is a cellular organelle present in most of the cells of the eukaryotic organisms.

It is referred to as the manufacturing and the shipping center of the cell.

Golgi is involved in the packaging of the protein molecules before they are sent to their destination. These organelles help in processing and packaging the macromolecules like proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell and hence act as the ‘post office’ of the cell.

Golgi apparatus was discovered in the year 1898 by an Italian biologist Camillo Golgi.

what are the structures of golgi apparatus?

Under the electron microscope, the Golgi apparatus is seen to be composed of stacks of flattened structures that contain numerous vesicles containing secretory granules.

The Golgi apparatus is morphologically very similar in both plant and animal cells. However, it is extremely pleomorphic: in some cell types it appears compact and limited, in others spread out and reticular (net-like).

Typically, however, Golgi apparatus appears as a complex array of interconnecting tubules, vesicles, and cisternae.

What are the functions of Golgi Apparatus ?

Golgi vesicles are often, referred to as the “traffic police” of the cell. They play a key role in sorting many of the cell’s proteins and membrane constituents, and in directing them to their proper destinations.

In animals, the Golgi apparatus is involved in the packaging and exocytosis

It is also involved in the formation of certain cellular organelles such as plasma membrane, lysosomes, acrosome of spermatozoa and cortical granules of a variety of oocytes.

They are also involved in the transport of lipid molecules around the cell.

Fun facts about golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus is also known by other names including: Golgi Body and Golgi Complex. Most just prefer to simply call it “Golgi.” Due to the unusual nature of the Golgi in plant cells, when referring to that specific type it is called “Dictyosomes.”

Science often uses transportation words when talking about the ER and the Golgi. This includes “docking station” as well as supervisory or management words such as “chaperone.”

The enzymatic reactions that happen inside the Golgi are actually near the membrane surface where there are anchored enzymes.

The Golgi also controls the lysosome production that are the cell’s digestive system.

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[ THE DEFINITION OF RER 🔬]
The rough endoplasmic reticulum ,also known as (RER) is made up of membranes which have ribosomes attached to it. This gives it the rough appearance. This is contrary to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which does not have these membrane bound ribosomes. This means that the rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the production of polypeptides that are about to be taken through the membrane to be post-modified.

[THE STRUCTURE OF RER 🔬]
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to produce proteins.
It is made up of cisternae, tubules and vesicles. The cisternae are made up of flattened membrane disks, which are involved in the modification of proteins. They are held together by the cytoskeleton. The rough endoplasmic reticulum also contains a perinuclear space, which is the space between the inner and outer phospholipid membrane. The membrane is continuous to the nuclear membrane. However, it isn’t continuous to the Golgi apparatus. Proteins are transferred from the Rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus via membrane-bound vesicles.
The reason why it is rough endoplasmic reticulum is because of the ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. These ribosomes are constantly being attached and detached from the ER because they are not part of the stable organelle. They attach when the ribosome begins to synthesis a protein which is going to be secreted (secretory pathway).

[THE FUNCTION OF RER 🔬]
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has a number of functions. One of the main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to produce and process specific proteins. These are the exported through the secretory pathway. After they are exported via membrane vesicles, they can be sent to the Golgi Apparatus to be further processed or to organelles. They can even be exported to outside the cell and into another part of the body. Ribosomes also create proteins which are embedded into the rough endoplasmic reticulum for further processing (integral membrane proteins).

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Chloroplast, structure within the cells of plants and green algae that is the site of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy, resulting in the production of oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria are free-living close relatives of chloroplasts; endosymbiotic theory posits that chloroplasts and mitochondria (energy-producing organelles in eukaryotic cells) are descended from such organisms.Chloroplasts are a type of plastid—a round, oval, or disk-shaped body that is involved in the synthesis and storage of foodstuffs. Chloroplasts are distinguished from other types of plastids by their green colour, which results from the presence of two pigments, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A function of those pigments is to absorb light energy for the process of photosynthesis. Other pigments, such as carotenoids, are also present in chloroplasts and serve as accessory pigments, trapping solar energy and passing it to chlorophyll. In plants, chloroplasts occur in all green tissues, though they are concentrated particularly in the parenchyma cells of the leaf mesophyll.Chloroplasts are roughly 1–2 μm (1 μm = 0.001 mm) thick and 5–7 μm in diameter. They are enclosed in a chloroplast envelope, which consists of a double membrane with outer and inner layers, between which is a gap called the intermembrane space. A third, internal membrane, extensively folded and characterized by the presence of closed disks (or thylakoids), is known as the thylakoid membrane. In most higher plants, the thylakoids are arranged in tight stacks called grana (singular granum). Grana are connected by stromal lamellae, extensions that run from one granum, through the stroma, into a neighbouring granum. The thylakoid membrane envelops a central aqueous region known as the thylakoid lumen. The space between the inner membrane and the thylakoid membrane is filled with stroma, a matrix containing dissolved enzymes, starch granules, and copies of the chloroplast genome.