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This is the Columbian flag. The yellow represents independence, justice, and freedom. While the blue represents loyalty and the two seas that border  Colombia. And last the red represents bravery, honor, and victory in the bloodshed that Colombia used to gain independence from Spain.

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This map of Columbia shows the physical landmarks in the country like mountains, lakes, and rivers.

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Simón Bolívar was a South American soldier who was instrumental in the continent's revolutions against the Spanish empire. Born into wealth, Bolívar was sent to Spain for his education, soon deciding to immerse himself in the political sphere in Europe.

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Infoplease has everything you need to know about Colombia. Check out our country profile, full of essential information about Colombia's geography, history, government, economy, population, culture, religion and languages. If that's not enough, click over to our collection of world maps and flags.

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This is Columbian street art. The artist paint these pieces to brighten the cities and show how they feel even if its positive or negative.

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This video is about Columbian culture, history, maps, and the capitol.

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Colombia History in 5 Minutes - Animation

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The colors represent  green for freedom, white for faith and purity, and red for love.

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The color red represents blood shed for independence. White symbolizes purity and peace. The colors are believed to symbolize the lasting impact the Incas have had in the country.

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The colors symbolize nobility (blue), clergy (white), and bourgeois (red), which were the estates of the old regime in France.

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This map shows the entire country of Italy including it beautiful mountains and rivers.

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The map of Peru shows the country full of mountains, rivers, and ravines.

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The map of France shows rivers, lakes, mountains, deserts, and beautiful beaches.

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Benito Mussolini was an Italian political leader who became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945. Originally a revolutionary socialist, he forged the paramilitary fascist movement in 1919 and became prime minister in 1922.

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More than sunshine and siestas, Italy has a long and fascinating history with historical sites to match. Among the places you can visit to get more than a taste for pizza and wine are The Doge's Palace, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and Saint Mark's Basilica, all telling the story of medieval city-states and a powerful Church that built upon the remains of Ancient Roman paganism in the Middle Ages.

From a wealth of possible locations, we've put together a handful of Italian cultural places, landmarks and monuments which cannot be ignored if you have the time, each providing a glimpse into what makes Italy, Italy.

The Doge's Palace of Venice is a gothic style structure in St. Mark's Square which served as the residence of each successive 'Doge' or leader of the Venetian Republic until its fall in 1797.

The Doge's Palace housed the Republic's administrative centre, hall of justice, prison, public archive and senate house. Whilst the current Doge's Palace was probably constructed from 1309 to 1424, it is thought that the original palace dated back to the 10th or 11th century and was probably a fortified structure protected by thick walls and guard towers, of which traces have survived.

However, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the city - prompting the fall of the Venetian Republic - the role of the Doge's Palace inevitably changed, and today it is a museum managed by the Venice Museum Authority.

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Palazzo Vecchio, translated as "Old Palace" and also known as Palazzo della Signoria, is an iconic 14th century palace in Florence most famous for its association with the Medici family.

Completed in 1322, it served as the seat of the city's governing body - a function it still fulfils today. In 1540, Palazzo Vecchio underwent a renovation campaign under the remit of Duke Cosimo I, who employed the artist Vasari to add a series of frescos depicting important Florentine events.

Many of these frescos can still be seen at Palazzo Vecchio, notably in the Salone del Cinquecento which also contains a beautiful statue by Michelangelo entitled "Victory".

Read More

Paestum is a Greco-Roman site located south of Naples which contains the stunning remains of 3 ancient Greek temples which still stand tall today. Visitors to Paestum can still see the spectacular temples - the Temple of Hera, the Temple of Neptune and the Temple of Ceres.

The site also contains impressive defensive walls, a Roman forum, the basic remains of a Roman amphitheatre and a number of ancient tombs. Paestum also boasts an early Christian church and Paestum Museum, which has a wealth of information about the local sites.

Read More

Saint Mark's Basilica is a world famous Byzantine cathedral in Venice's St. Mark's Square, sometimes known as Chiesa d'Oro or "Church of Gold". Every aspect of the basilica is on a grand scale, from its three-part façade with ornate theological carvings to its Greek cross-shaped interior with its ceilings covered in golden mosaics. In fact, the basilica is so elaborate that its entrance or "narthex" is intended to prepare visitors for what they are about to see.

Located in the heart of Venice, St Mark's is found in St Mark's Square and you'll walk past the basilica multiple times on any trip there, even if you're not trying to.

Read More

Florence Cathedral, often called the "Duomo", is an iconic site built from September 1296 and consecrated by Pope Eugenius IV on 25 March 1436. From its lavish use of marble to its status as the fourth largest church in Europe, Florence Cathedral was always intended to be vast and impressive. One of the most famous aspects is its dome and visitors who climb the 463 steps of the "Duomo" are rewarded with incredible views of Florence.

Inside Florence Cathedral, the dome is decorated with a fresco known as "The Last Judgement", initially painted by Vasari, who also contributed to the Palazzo Vecchio, and later finished by Zuccari. Michelangelo's and Donatello's works are also represented inside as are copies of Pisano's works. Guided tours are available.

Read More

The Gladiator Museum of Santa Maria Capua Vetere is a small museum which explores the history of the adjacent Campania Amphitheatre. The museum includes exhibitions of dioramas which demonstrate how the amphitheatre would have looked at the peak of its power and popularity, and boasts original artefacts found at the site itself such as gladiatorial weapons.

Much of the amphitheatre has been destroyed over the years, being variously ravaged by Visigoths, the Vandals, and the Saracens. It is therefore of utmost importance that museums such as the Capua Gladiator Museum exist to document the surviving artefacts that give an insight into the once mighty structure.

Read More

The Doge's Palace of Venice is a gothic style structure in St. Mark's Square which served as the residence of each successive 'Doge' or leader of the Venetian Republic until its fall in 1797.

The Doge's Palace housed the Republic's administrative centre, hall of justice, prison, public archive and senate house. Whilst the current Doge's Palace was probably constructed from 1309 to 1424, it is thought that the original palace dated back to the 10th or 11th century and was probably a fortified structure protected by thick walls and guard towers, of which traces have survived.

However, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the city - prompting the fall of the Venetian Republic - the role of the Doge's Palace inevitably changed, and today it is a museum managed by the Venice Museum Authority.

Read More

Hadrian's Villa, or Villa Adriana, is perhaps the best-preserved Roman villa complex in the world. Built in the early 2nd century, the villa was the central hub of power in the Roman world for the latter years of Emperor Hadrian 's reign.

Hadrian's Villa covers almost 250 acres and consists of over 30 buildings and a number of other points of interest. The site includes the remains of a large colonnaded swimming pool, libraries, the Palestra, barracks, gardens, fountains, nymphaeums, and the famous Maritime Theatre.

Most intriguing of all are the remains of Hadrian's small island retreat - including his personal toilet - which served as the Emperor's private escape from the stress of Imperial life.

Read More

Palazzo Vecchio, translated as "Old Palace" and also known as Palazzo della Signoria, is an iconic 14th century palace in Florence most famous for its association with the Medici family.

Completed in 1322, it served as the seat of the city's governing body - a function it still fulfils today. In 1540, Palazzo Vecchio underwent a renovation campaign under the remit of Duke Cosimo I, who employed the artist Vasari to add a series of frescos depicting important Florentine events.

Many of these frescos can still be seen at Palazzo Vecchio, notably in the Salone del Cinquecento which also contains a beautiful statue by Michelangelo entitled "Victory".

Read More

The Leaning Tower of Pisa, also known as the Tower of Pisa or 'Torre pendente di Pisa' in Italian, is one of the world's most famous buildings due to its leaning stance, which leaves it forever appearing to be toppling over.

Originally construction of the Leaning Tower of Pisa was begun in 1174, with the intention of it being a freestanding bell tower for Pisa's cathedral. Located in the Field of Miracles or 'Campo del Miracoli', the tower began to lean very early on in its construction, apparently around the time of the construction of its third floor.

Today, visitors can admire the ornate white marble structure that stands 60 metres tall and climb to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa up a staggering 300 steps. Be aware, if you want to get up close to the tower you will need to book tickets in advance as this is undoubtedly the city's most popular tourist destination.

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Paestum is a Greco-Roman site located south of Naples which contains the stunning remains of 3 ancient Greek temples which still stand tall today. Visitors to Paestum can still see the spectacular temples - the Temple of Hera, the Temple of Neptune and the Temple of Ceres.

The site also contains impressive defensive walls, a Roman forum, the basic remains of a Roman amphitheatre and a number of ancient tombs. Paestum also boasts an early Christian church and Paestum Museum, which has a wealth of information about the local sites.

Read More

Saint Mark's Basilica is a world famous Byzantine cathedral in Venice's St. Mark's Square, sometimes known as Chiesa d'Oro or "Church of Gold". Every aspect of the basilica is on a grand scale, from its three-part façade with ornate theological carvings to its Greek cross-shaped interior with its ceilings covered in golden mosaics. In fact, the basilica is so elaborate that its entrance or "narthex" is intended to prepare visitors for what they are about to see.

Located in the heart of Venice, St Mark's is found in St Mark's Square and you'll walk past the basilica multiple times on any trip there, even if you're not trying to.

Read More

Florence Cathedral, often called the "Duomo", is an iconic site built from September 1296 and consecrated by Pope Eugenius IV on 25 March 1436. From its lavish use of marble to its status as the fourth largest church in Europe, Florence Cathedral was always intended to be vast and impressive. One of the most famous aspects is its dome and visitors who climb the 463 steps of the "Duomo" are rewarded with incredible views of Florence.

Inside Florence Cathedral, the dome is decorated with a fresco known as "The Last Judgement", initially painted by Vasari, who also contributed to the Palazzo Vecchio, and later finished by Zuccari. Michelangelo's and Donatello's works are also represented inside as are copies of Pisano's works. Guided tours are available.

Read More

Civita di Bagnoregio in Italy is a stunning example of a medieval city left relatively untouched by modernity. Known as 'Il paese che muore' - the dying town - Civita di Bagnoregio sits atop a rocky outcrop that stands between two valleys.

Today the city's unique history, location and architecture has seen it become a tourist attraction and efforts have been made to try to preserve this historic location. Visitors can see a number of interesting sites as well as the exceptional architecture on display. The fascinating 'Eutruscan Corridor' is a Eutruscan tunnel that completely crosses the town.

Also worth a visit is the Cave Of Saint Bonaventure, the ancient olive-press and Saint Donato's Church. There is a tourist information centre at the site which provides a good starting point for visitors.

Read More

The Gladiator Museum of Santa Maria Capua Vetere is a small museum which explores the history of the adjacent Campania Amphitheatre. The museum includes exhibitions of dioramas which demonstrate how the amphitheatre would have looked at the peak of its power and popularity, and boasts original artefacts found at the site itself such as gladiatorial weapons.

Much of the amphitheatre has been destroyed over the years, being variously ravaged by Visigoths, the Vandals, and the Saracens. It is therefore of utmost importance that museums such as the Capua Gladiator Museum exist to document the surviving artefacts that give an insight into the once mighty structure.

Read More

The Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani) house some of the most impressive and important historical artefacts and works of art in the world. Originally the site of the Vatican Museums was used for papal palaces, but they are now a series of galleries in Vatican City.

The Vatican Museums date back to 1506, following the purchase of a sculpture of Laocoön and His Sons, which Pope Julius II put on public display at the Vatican a month after purchasing. Since then, the Vatican Museums have grown massively: the lavish museums now comprise of over 70,000 works of art, around 20,000 of which are on display to the public.

However, the star attraction of the Vatican Museums is the Sistine Chapel. Probably the last of the exhibitions one sees at the Vatican Museums (it is quite a walk from the entrance), the Sistine Chapel is the magnificent creation of Michelangelo from 1508 to 1512.

Read More

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More than sunshine and siestas, Italy has a long and fascinating history with historical sites to match. Among the places you can visit to get more than a taste for pizza and wine are The Doge's Palace, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and Saint Mark's Basilica, all telling the story of medieval city-states and a powerful Church that built upon the remains of Ancient Roman paganism in the Middle Ages.

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This Italian art was common during the time of the French Revolution because it made people happy with the bright colors and happy setting.

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This educational Video will show the history of Italy containing wars, food, leaders, and Architectural structures.

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José de San Martín, (born February 25, 1778, Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata [now in Argentina]—died August 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France), Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).

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From as far back as civilizations that predate the Inca Empire to events in the more recent centuries, the timeline of the history of Peru shines as a colorful one.

Pre-Columbian Peru

Much of Peru's coast is arid desert, but many of its valleys are watered by glacial rivers and streams flowing down the western slopes of the Andes. These valleys between the coast and the mountains nurtured the earliest human settlements in Peru and South America. Other cultures flourished in the Andean highlands and in the Amazon.
The list of ancient Peruvian civilizations is long and includes (in order of development):
Norte Chico Caral-Supe, El Paraíso, Chavín, Paracas, Moche, Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Wari, Chimú, Inca. There are also the longstanding cultural groups (that did not form states but sometimes overlapped with them), the two main groups being the Quechua and Aymara as well as countless other smaller groups.

Many developments which are attributed to the Inca Empire in areas such as agricultural technology, weaving, pottery, gold and silver work can actually be traced to previous cultures.
None of Peru's pre-Columbian cultures developed a writing system, but they did leave behind a wealth of artifacts, temples, and infrastructure such as roads, terraces, and irrigation channels.

Chavin de Huantar

Nazca Line

Chan Chan

Tihuanaco (Bolivia)

Kuelap

Inca Empire

Before the Inca Empire became an empire, they migrated into the fertile > Cusco Valley. Manco Capac became the first Inca king sometime in the 11th century. But it wasn't until 1438, under the reign of Pachacutec, that the empire began to expand on a larger scale with new areas incorporated through conquest, coercion, or alliance. Machu Picchu was constructed in 1450 as a royal estate for Pachacutec and his lineage.

By 1500, the Tahuantinsuyo stretched north to present-day Ecuador near Quito, west to the Pacific, east to the Amazon, and south to Chile near Santiago. An extensive road network called the Qhaqaq Ñan (Royal Road) enabled communication and distribution of resources. The Sapa Inca was revered as the son of the Sun, the highest divinity. Conquered peoples were obligated to provide labor and tribute to the imperial capital in Cusco. This, along with a civil war of succession between the brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, formed the context that greeted the arrival of Spanish conquistadors to the shores of Peru in the 1530s.

Conquest & Spanish Colonial Period

Beginning in 1532, Spanish soldiers under the command of Francisco Pizarro landed in Peru with the intent to conquer an empire rich in gold and silver, in much the same way Hernan Cortes had toppled the Aztec Empire (1519-21). Pizarro devised the capture of Atahualpa in Cajamarca in 1532, and then executed the Inca king. Spanish troops finally arrived in Cusco in November 1533 and installed Manco Inca Yupanqui (son of Huayna Capac) as the new puppet ruler.

In 1535, Pizarro founded the city of Lima as the capital of his newly conquered territories. In Cusco, Manco Inca escaped and organized a siege of Cusco which lasted several months but was ultimately unsuccessful. After winning an important defensive battle in Ollantaytambo in 1537, Manco Inca retreated to the outpost of Vilcabamba deep in the jungle where the neo-Inca state remained until 1572.
In 1541, Pizarro was assassinated in Lima by his former associate Diego Almagro. In 1542, Spain created the Viceroyalty of Peru, comprising most of South America except Brazil.
Peru's indigenous population declined dramatically during the early period of colonization as a result of European disease epidemics. They were also subjected to religious evangelization efforts and the labor demands of a small, newly established class of European landowners.
In 1569, the viceroy Francisco Toledo arrived to administer the colonies. He instituted wide-ranging reforms that streamlined the exploitation of non-landowning indigenous people for the next two hundred years.
In the 1700s, the Bourbon reforms sought to restore and bolster power to the Spanish Crown at the expense of native-born creole elites. But the effect was to fuel the movements for independence across the Spanish colonies.

Independence

For the vast majority of Peru's people, independence brought few changes. Political and economic positions of power were still monopolized by a minority of Spanish descended elite. Slavery was not abolished until 1845, as part of the reforms instituted by president Ramon Castilla, which also included the construction of a railway system. Additionally, guano exports revived the city's coffers and provided funds for the construction of public buildings, markets, hospitals, and prisons.
In 1873, Peru became involved in the War of the Pacific with Chile and Bolivia, each of which claimed nitrate-rich lands in the northern Atacama desert. The war ended in 1883, but not after Chilean troops invaded and occupied the capital city of Lima.

Modern Peru

At the turn of the 20th century, Lima enjoyed another period of wealth and prosperity. Lima's most iconic buildings were constructed during this time, often in an ostentatious, neoclassical style that mimicked the early colonial period. Big avenues were constructed to connect to coastal settlements such as Miraflores and Barranco.

At mid-20th century, Peru was embroiled in political and economic tumult with alternating periods of democratic regimes and military dictatorships. This was also a period of rural-to-urban migration mainly to Lima resulting in a demographic explosion concentrated in the capital. Other major cities such as Arequipa and Cusco also expanded during this time.
In 1990, Alberto Fujimori was elected president partly as a reaction against decades of political corruption and the rise of violent guerrilla movements like Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso). The leader of Shining Path, Abimael Guzman, was captured in 1992. Although many Peruvians perceived that the president's wide-ranging neoliberal reforms ushered in a period of stability, Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000 to escape charges of bribery and human rights violations. He was later extradited and sentenced to prison.

Today

In the 21st century, Peru has enjoyed a long period of political and economic stability. In 2019, the population of Peru is estimated at 32.5 million. Approximately 30% of this population (or 9.7 million) resides in the capital city of Lima.

Machu Picchu has no close rivals as the top destination in Peru. However, in recent years, Peruvian gastronomy has garnered tremendous international attention. For many travelers today, sampling Peruvian cuisine is one of the essential "musts" on a trip to Peru.

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From as far back as civilizations that predate the Inca Empire to events in the more recent centuries, the timeline of the history of Peru shines as a colorful one. Much of Peru's coast is arid desert, but many of its valleys are watered by glacial rivers and streams flowing down the western slopes of the Andes.

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This art is a brightly colored piece usually seen in Peru. Many arts of this time period usually contained many colors, dark or light.

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This fact filled video is filled with many thing. With wars, food, fun activities Italians enjoyed, and hunting skills used to find food.

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The History of Peru explained in 10 minutes

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Louis XVI - Louis XVI was king of France when the French Revolution began. The French economy struggled under Louis XVI due to large debt and massive expenses. When drought and poor grain harvests led to rising bread prices, the people began to revolt against their king.

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This work of art is from France, It contains lots of mixtures of colors that were just splattered on the page.

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This video about France shows many historical facts about the recent events of the country.