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How does public transportation modal split in Tehran compare to other middle income megacities?

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How does public transportation modal split in Tehran compare to other middle income megacities?

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How digital techniques empower the management of community health system under the influence of covid-19?

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To what extent does council upkeep impact use of active transport routes?

What proportion of the public in NW Bicester still using personal cars regularly? What purposes/journeys are they used for?

To what extent is the public transport system used on a regular basis for travel in and around NW Bicester?

To what extent do the public in NW Bicester favour hybrid and electric vehicles? Does this have a material impact on town emissions?

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Group22:How to coordinate the conflict between local residents' living space and public open space after the transformation of historic blocks? 

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Group22:How to coordinate the conflict between local residents' living space and public open space after the transformation of historic blocks? 

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how is the effect of social housing on promoting social equity?

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This is quite a good question, though remember that I warned you against 'how...?' questions.  Looking at the structure of the framework, this is quite senseible, but the detail of the questions needs quite a bit of thought. The 'what?' questions you have all look like the kind which can be answered by a literature review - they look like definitions you would *use* in the research, not *discover* through it. So better here wold be more detailed questions about the qualities of the space, the blocks etc. which are relevant to the issue of possible conflict. the middle section looks like the beginning of something interesting - this is clearly where the core of the research is, and this bit of the diagram is what really needs expanding. I'm afraid the third section doesn't make any sense to me, though I do worry that it looks like you think there might be a simple spatial design solution to the prolem. But it isn;t clear enough for me to know.

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What are the driving factors for some areas being regenerated and others not?
1) What are the environmental factors driving regeneration?
2) What are the economic factors driving regeneration?
3) What are the social factors driving regeneration?
4) How does the demographic make-up of an area change with regeneration?
5) What are the driving factors for a specific site in Sheffield to be regenerated? (Case study)

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You are clearly only just getting going with the diagram - it ahs the right kind of look to it, but obviously needs more work. This shows in the questions, which don;t reflect your overall question - which is excellent. There's a missing set of questions here about differentiation, which wold then lead to a case study of that kind. Questions like 'how do different factors impact on differnnt areas?' - that's too vague and clumsy, but is the right kind of thing, and your diagram needs to reflect this aspect - the idea of differentiation is absolutely core to your overall question, and needs to be here.

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This is interesting. It's a good question - very very focused and you might think about whether this is research or consultancy. the quetsions are sensible, but not veyr comprehensive or coherent, and I think this is because they don;t relate to a coherent framework. The diagram starts well, with many of the right boxes, but it a) isn;t clear what the connecting lines are doiing and b) some of those connectiosn wold lead to very differnt kinds of quetsions. to the extent that you include the stakeholders in the diagram, it suggests that you would be asking a 'why?'; question overall, rather than evaluating whether the plan has been successful. So think about this - you need to either align the diagram with the quetsion (making it simpler at one level, but dividing up the ideas in the master plan so they are visible) or change the question to reflect the more sophisticated kind of thinking evident in the diagram.

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Big question: Do state-led and market driven regeneration of historical area act and affect differently on the residents? If so, how?

(What are the factors that drive regeneration?)
(What is the process of regeneration? Who acts in the process? What factors do they consider? Is there any difference between state-led and market driven regeneration in terms of process?)
(What are the possible outcomes of regeneration? Does displacement always happen? Is it always a negative impact?)

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To what extent do household precautionary measures reduce urban surface flood risk?

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To what extent do household precautionary measures reduce urban surface flood risk?

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This is fine as a start. There are two ways you could go from here. One would be a (potentially huge!) study of all these factors - you'd have to define indicators for each, and also a set of indicators for different aspects of health. The other obvious one is to think about causal connections between these different factors, and do something more sophisticated about identifying where design could have most impact. This would be harder as a project; you would start by moving away from this categorising diagram, to something where the lines between categories represent causality.

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1. Affects of COVID on working productivity
2. The relationship between property owners and tenants due to poor productivity
3. How will businesses prepare and mitigate  future risks

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I wonder what the status of those three quetsions is? They look like alternative big reserach questions, rather than a set of empirical ones. But they might be the latter - I can see them coming out of the diagram. The latter is good - probabaly needs a bit fo refining but it definitely does the right kind of thing. My problem with the questions - if they are intended as a set - is how disparate they are, which reflects the richness/complexity of the diagram. I think a tighter focus would be needed, to define a (single) project.

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How does the indoor physical environment of existing office space impact occupant wellbeing?

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【SD POLICIES】

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What aspects affect microclimate？
what is the judge criteria of human comfort ？
how does urban microclimate affect human comfort ？
how to improve the quality of human comfort ？

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This is a good start.  The diagram needs more work before it leads to a good set of questions: here the questions are a bit of a random set, and this reflects the need to pull apart different stages in the diagram a bit further.  If you do this, to really sort out what the causal chains are here then I think a better set of questiosn will be visible.  Something to be careful of, though - the big question seems to be suggesting that it's the *change* which is maybe the problem, but the diagram doesn;t reflect this.  Is this something you need to think through a bit more, or is it that the big question is wrong?  Do you mean something more like 'despite continuous change, why are there still problems...?'  The first of these would take you into looking at the impact of change (poor, fragmented governance, for instance), while the second would send you looking for the enduring proceeses eitehr cretaed by policy, or just untouched by it, which reinforced rather than solving problems.

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I assume that the questions in brackets are the ones from the previous workshop, so I've ignored them. I lile this - its a great quetsion, and the diagram looks like a good start. I don;t think you need the top section to answer the big question, though - you can (I think)start with the idea that state and market-led processes differ in time, viability and who is involved, and then investigate how those three factors result in different impacts. Nice project....I look forward to seeing how you design it.

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What a great question - really tight and well throught through. Perfect for a starting point for a project. The diagram is clearly still very rough - the key is that 'how?' scribbled in. This is looking good, with a bit more work.

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This is headig in exactly the right direction. What it would need now is more detail on what these arrows might be - and perhaps breaking up categories such as 'people' - which woudl lead to a useful set of questions. Interestingly I think this is one of those issues where the choice of research design might be very open ideed.

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This is a start - the boxes look like a sensible place to start. But the key is what you mean by the lines, and here a lot more thought is needed. One possibility is that you don't need the 'process' and 'actor' boxes - the cluster in the middle/right hand sice. The big question does lend itself to something very survey based, as it's purely descriptive. the key then would be in the detail, and then ou would need a conceptual frameowkr which would enable you to select which social/economic/etc. ramifiactions you were looking at. (You can't look at everything, so you need some kind of framework to lead you to specify which effects are likely and important.) Or you migth want to ask a 'why?' question instead or as well, in which case those process boxes matter, but you need questions to go with them.

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This doesn't really work.  The key point here is that the quetsion is not a very good research question - it;s a very good policy question, but as I said in the lecture these kinds of 'how can/could...?' questions are difficult to research.  (It can be done, but only by some clever argument - it's better to reframe the question.)  The diagram is then - of course, and I assume you knew this and this is only a starting point - far to broad and abstract.  Where you need to be focussing is on that middle band, and come up with a research question which is specifically about tat. (The upper band is for the literature review; the lower one is the policy response to what the research uncovers.)

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This is looking plausible - the next steps would be to expand on 'comfort' (what? whose?) and think about what the indicators are for each of the factors. This does look like the beginnings of a large scale, extensive project.

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Research Q: What is the relationship between the continued expansion of a mega city (Guangzhou) and the regeneration of the historical districts within (Yuexiu district), and how may this be negatively affecting the local residents?

Empirical questions:
1) What are the Spatial implications of regeneration in Yuexiu?
2) To what degree does the continued expansion of Guangzhou create feelings of exclusionary displacement for residents of Yuexiu?
3) What is the impact Guangzhou's expansion has on its politics, and how is this affecting regeneration schemes moving forward?
4) How linear is the relationship between the expansion of Guangzhou and the regeneration of Yuexiu?
5) What is the economic rationale behind the regeneration of Yuexiu, and how has this been impacted by Guangzhou's continued expansion?

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How does providing openness and accessibility affect saleability of commercial real estates?

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There's a really interesting set of empirical questions here, and two very important lesson to be learned.  a) As I said in the lecture, avoid 'what is the relationship' questions - they are too vague (they immediately make me ask 'what kind of relationship are you interested in?') b) you have ended up with a very incoherent set of questions, which reflects a diagram with a sensible set of boxes, but oddly organised and with lines between them which don;t seem to have much logic.  The lesson is here - and I know you were udner time pressure - is to take longer to make sure that the diagram is right, or at least more logical, and then a sensible set of questions will flow.  The emphasis there is on the need to have a set - this isn;t just a list but a set which collectively answer the big, overarching question.

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To what extent does urban green spaces affect the health among the ageing population?
- how does the accessibility of urban green space (UGS) affect the health of elderly
-how does the size of UGS have an effect on usage
-how does UGS affect the surrounding environments (socially, environmentally, economically)
-What are the needs of the ageing population in terms of health? (e.g. loneliness in ageing population is a major problem, needs of social interaction and being included within society
- Why is the ageing population important within urban areas

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GROUP6:How do communities enhance heritage preservation in urban regeneration?

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GROUP6:How do communities enhance heritage preservation in urban regeneration?

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With the exception of the last question, (which is a very odd and deeply philosophical question) this looks like a set of quite sensible questions, but without any obvious connections between them.  This is exactly what I am trying to help you get away from - it points to the importance of thinking through how you understand what is going on (and capturing that in a diagram).  This should help you achieve a more coherent set of questions.

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This is heading in the right direction. The diagram is at about the right level of complexity, but is not yet completely convincing - it wold be good to do more work on how the different bits fit together. I wonder if the key is to expand on what kinds of features might affect saleability (attractiveness to purchasers because of impacts on staff productivity? retention? company reputation...? etc etc)

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How can different scale of constructed green spaces and natural landscapes impact the mental health of the young and elder people live in Sheffield?

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I think this is working towards somethng which will work. The quetsion is a bit vague - working model of what? and what do you mean by digital empowerment? (It doesn't look like what I was thinking of, which was n the context of participation in planning.) But the diagram looks like a possible starting point - it needs to be a bit less abstract - at the oment it maps out the components of a 'workingmodel' but it doesn't really deal with the DE impacts - tucked off to the side you aren't showing how you are thinking about what and how DE might affect the model. So a start, but needs more work (and a set of questions).

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This makes a start, by identifying some of the components, but it needs a lot more thought on two fronts.  One is the question - I cautioned against 'how can?' questions, though here I wonder (from the diagram) whether the question is actually 'how do...?'  (I accept that as design students you may actually mean 'how can...?' as you could research this by actually doing something in the real world, and seeing what the impacts are.  But that's hard.)     The other problem is the diagram - it has useful components (the boxes/words) but the lines are essentially without useful meaning.  Be really careful about this, particularly because drawing is clearly one of your skills - appearances don't really matter at this stage; it's the content, the meaning, of every element in a diagram which is crucial.  So you need here to think through how these different components might actually link together, to have effects on people's health.

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How do healthy working conditions affect the performance of the commercial buildings?

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The positive/negative impact of older people's participation on the community in the digital context.The positive/negative impact of older people's participation on the community in the digital context.

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There are some good ideas here, and I really like the first two lines, as you narrow down the focus.  The rest is less well structured - each bit has several differnt kinds of ideas in it (e.g. denisty, street, pedestians) and this leads you to a rather disconnected set of quetsions.  So the next step would be to think through the connections between all these different aspects first, *then* go on to draw out the set of questions which all lead towards answering your single big question.  This would alsohelp you to avid quetsions like the last one - the idea of integration isn;t in the set of concepts, but it then pops up in a quetsion.  Avoid this - it leads to very incoherent projects.

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This is a really good question, and I can see it leading to a good project (or projects). But the conceptualisation needs a lot of work. The top line - the 'what?' line - is for you to draw out of the literature review - these are not *research* questions,but for you to define as part of setting up the research. It's that middle line where you need to expand on what you think might be going on - theres a list of posisble factors as part of the problem which looks like it is going in the right direction, and then you need to expand on possible kinds of community action.

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Group 19: How does the design of urban parks affect people‘s health during the construction of healthier cities？

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Group 19: How does the design of urban parks affect people‘s health during the construction of healthier cities？

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This has some good ideas in it.  It does illustrate the importance of thinking through a more detailed conceptual framework, though - the (very common) problem you have here is that the set of questions is not very coherent, even though eacah question on its own is a good one.  The solution would be to refine the diagram/conceptualisation, and then move on to questions.  So:
Q1 is good, though a bit vague, and comes straight from the diagram
Q2 is good, but 4 is really a sub-question of 2
Q3 is probably too big - it looks like a bbig reserach question on a scale 'above' your own question, not part of it - one part ofthe answer to this might be 'urban design' and then your project would be looking at this aspect.
Q5 seems disconnected from the others and shows why you need your questions to be tied to a coherent framework.

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How does green space design impacts the elder people’s health in Shanghai?

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OK, good as a start. the question is a good one.  The next step would be to make the diagram more precise - which bits of 'impact' affect which bits of 'health'? - and so develop a set of questions about what these relationships are.

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Group 34:To what extent can walkability affect the construction of healthy cities?

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Group 34:To what extent can walkability affect the construction of healthy cities?

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This doesn't really work. The question is unclear - do you really mean to ask about how the concept (or how actual walkability) affects the *construction* of healthy cities? Surely it makes more sense to ask how walkability contributes to cities being healthy? Or something like that - it isn't clear. This probabaly lies at the root ofthe diagram problems - although there are useful words in the boxes, the logic which connectsthe boxes isn;t clear, nor is the connection between the questions and the diagram. In consequence you end up with a very disjointed set of questions. So my advice is to go back to the beginning - it;s a really good core idea, but you need to get a researchable quetsion, and then really work on the diagram. I suspect you were working too fast, under the pressure of the workshop - my apologies for putting the presure on!

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Q1: -From physical level, How to build a pleasant and convenient pedestrian path?
-How to design the streets to make it more consistent with local commuting habits？
Q2:-How does greenbelt isolation play a role in affecting citizens' health compared to guardrails?
Q3:-What are the different sources of streets and communities noises at different times (day or night)? What are the different effects on people's health?
-How can noise isolation be properly implemented without affecting traffic and pedestrians? Can road or building improvements be made in this area?
Q4:-How to ensure the safety of non-motor vehicles and pedestrians in the passage under the premise that motor vehicles are not blocked.

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Excellent question - the car-centric one. But as you diagram it you stay at a very descriptive level, and I also wonder if some of the description is inaccurate. (Maybe if you looked at *all* journeys you would find that the poor travel onfoot a lot more than you think?) I suspect that the issues here are around governance, and that what policy there is comes from middle class planners planning for the middle classes, whether consciously or not. So what is missing from the diagram is the causal factors sitting behind the descriptions, which would open questions like 'why is there no promotion/provision for cycling?' and similar.

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This looks like an interesting diagram - doing the right kind of thing in terms of tracing different causal pathways. I'd be interetsed in seeing the questions that it leads to.....

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This looks like a set of quite sensible questions, but without any obvious connections between them.  This is exactly what I am trying to help you get away from - it points to the importance of thinking through how you understand what is going on (and capturing that in a diagram).  This should help you achieve a more coherent set of questions.

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Research Question: To what extent does traffic congestion contribute to making the neighbourhood disadvantaged?

Elaboration on the 3 questions on the diagram:

Question 1: What causes traffic congestion and what are the impacts of traffic congestion on the socio-economic status and wellbeing of the neighbourhood?

Question 2: In what ways does the aforementioned impacts of traffic congestion contribute to making the neighbourhood a disadvantaged one?

Question 3: To what extent does the disadvantaged neighbourhood in turn exacerbate the problem of traffic congestion?

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Group17:What impact does the regeneration of historic areas have on the lives of it's residents in different societal settings?

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Group17:What impact does the regeneration of historic areas have on the lives of it's residents in different societal settings?

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Empirical questions: 1. What are the effects of the regenerations? 2. What are the comparable factors between the two examples? 3. To what extent is the government involved in the regeneration strategy? 4.What is the primary regeneration strategy?

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Group 8：How does the urban design affect the health of different groups?

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Group 8：How does the urban design affect the health of different groups?

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I really like this - recognising the circularity of the causal processes is neat - shows the advantage of starting from a diagram. In a real research planning world the next step would be to break down the different components you currently have grouped into the three bubbles. I lookforward to seeing what you do with this in terms of research design on Tuesday - I can see several possibilities (for dissertations??) coming out of this.

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This is a start.  Where you need to go next is think more about the links between the different elements here - each of the numbered sets is very disparate (i.e. each of the elements in it isvery different from the others) so your 'factors' and your causal chains will be very different.  Basically you need to make the diagram more complicated and realistic.  It might be in research design tersm that you'd need to make a coice to e.g. look only at physical, or only at financial, factors and not try to do all ofthis in one project.

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I think this works quite well, excet that you have over-complicated it.  To answer that question I don't think you need to ask the questions about the roles of the govt and developers.  Why do they matter?  The thing which is arguably missing here is the process aspect of 'justice' - if you were doing this research for real you would either make it clear that you were defining justice in terms of outcomes (which is fine), or you would add a democratic/involvement box to the inidcators and have a question about that - who is involved? how? It's also interesting to think about whether you would also attempt an 'objective' look at the same issue - you cold ask questions about what actual outcomes are, as well as asking about people's perceptions of these.  It would be a great mixed-methods study - quantitative for the actual indicators, qual to get at the perceptions.

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This starts well - the question and the diagram are definitely going in the right direction.  But you probably then needed to put more detail in the diagram - by starting to think about which aspects of deisgn impact on which aspects of health, and for whom, before coming up with the questions.  these are a very odd set - the first is good, though the fourth really almost duplicates it and is better - this actually looks like the big, overarching research question.  But the second and third are just methodological questions, which don't belong in the research question set - these are the questions which will drive your research, so you will have to answer the method question either before you start research, or as part of your analysis. They aren't things you can find out through research - you decide them, not discover.

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This is interesting. the question is a good one, but you have run ahead of yourselves into research design without thinking through the conceptual aspects first - so the diagram is almost more of method than of ideas. This is then very visible in the question set, which is not very coherent - each question is sensible, but it isn't a *set*. So 'what are the comparable factors' is very much an analytical question, not at all about the ideas (a better question would be how do these factors vary, and what impact does this have - but that is very close to the big overall question.)

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This is very neat - almost too neat! It;s a good question, and the diagram sets up the resarch well at a very very abstract level - and I like the reverse causality issue being put in. But the key next step would be to unpack those boxes - what kind of influence, what aspects of performance? etc.

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This is intriguing. The diagram and the question are the right kind of thing, but both need more work to make sense. What kind of impact on the community are you thinking of? It seems like an odd issue. And the diagram doesn't clarify this - he central porcess section is sensible, and wold lead to interesting quetsions, but i wold have expected the right hand side to be about the impact on older people in some way - not on the 'community'. So I think it needs more thought/clarification.

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This is not really clear enough to comment on.  I wonder what the overarching research quetsion is here. If it is 'how to evaluate?' that's a really really hard one - on the one hand there is a great deal of evaluation done, so the issue is not obvisouly needing reserach...unless you can explain why it is done badly, and i what ways - which *would * be interesting if true. But then you wold need a very sophisticated conceptual framework which covered the actual evaluation process itself and the factors which impacted on this. Do-able, but challenging and you'd need to know a lot about evaluation.

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Q1: -From physical level, How to build a pleasant and convenient pedestrian path?
-How to design the streets to make it more consistent with local commuting habits？
Q2:-How does greenbelt isolation play a role in affecting citizens' health compared to guardrails?
Q3:-What are the different sources of streets and communities noises at different times (day or night)? What are the different effects on people's health?
-How can noise isolation be properly implemented without affecting traffic and pedestrians? Can road or building improvements be made in this area?
Q4:-How to ensure the safety of non-motor vehicles and pedestrians in the passage under the premise that motor vehicles are not blocked.