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Power Point Template For your assessment 

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Power Point Template For your assessment 

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Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C.

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the preferred basic diet for guinea pigs is unlimited amount of timothy or other low-calcium hay, supplemented with smaller amounts of commercial, high- fiber, timothy-hay based guinea pig pellets. vitamin c should be given each day. hay should be offered free-choice throughout the day.

the importance for vitamin c for guinea pigs- vitamin c is of utmost importance to guinea pigs, as they are unable to manufacter their own (much like humans). without vitamin c in their diets, guinea pigs can become very ill with scurvy.
foods that are unhealthy for guinea pigs- chocolate, onions, garlic, mushrooms, iceburg lettuce, avocados, nuts, potatoes, seeds, corn kernels, peanut butter, rhubarb, cabbage, bok choy, dairy products, bread and meat.

guinea pigs are herbivors- meaning they only et plants. their ideal diet will include: a constant supply of good quality feeding hay or grass. this should make up at least 80% of their food- its realy important for their teeth and their digestive system.

you should be able to tell if a guinea pig is too fat or too skiny by feeling their hips and spine. very underweight guiea pigs: you will be able to feel each rib of a very thin guinea pig and their spine and hips are easily seen and protruding.

to meet these needs, feed young guineapigs a nutritionally complete, alfalfa-based, uniform fortified food. it is also recommended to offer them a free choice mixture of alfalfa hay and other grass hays such as western timothy and orchard to ensure they're eating enough nutrients.

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Correct Diet for a Kitten Aged 0 - 12 Months?. Kittens wean of their mothers milk at around 8 - 12 Weeks Old.  The Transition to weaning your kitten to solid foods should take place when the kitten is around 4 Weeks old whilst they are still getting milk from their mother, The solid food must have the same nutrients as what the kitten gets from the milk in order to grow and maintain its health.

Correct Diet for an Adult Cat Aged 1-7? - Must be Fed Twice Daily, On A Maintenance Diet, High Quality Protein, Carbohydrates & Vitamins and not too much Fat. Food should be measured out correctly, and Treats should be limited, this avoids any excess fat gathering around their joints.

Correct Diet for a Senior Cat? - Small Tasty meals that are easy to digest, with less fat and fewer calories, and high quality protein,  Wet food or small kibble is required as dental problems can occur in a senior cat. Some Senior Diets contain less sodium and phosphorus to avoid any strain on the kidneys. Omega 3 and 6 are required to help maintain healthy skin and coat.

What Specific Nutrients do Cats need for a balanced diet? protein, fats & oils, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Cats are "obligate carnivores" so they need meat in their diet, meaning they can never be vegetarians or vegan.

Foods that are toxic to cats?
Onions, Garlic, Raw Eggs, Raw Meat, Bones, Chocolate, Caffeinated Drinks, Alcohol, Raw Dough, Milk and Dairy Products, Grapes and Raisins, Dog Food

Important Nutrients for Cats? - Water, Vitamins, Minerals, Animal Protein, Fats. Carbohydrates, Amino and Fatty Acids.

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Bearded Dragons can eat a wide range of live food such as crickets, mealworms and kingworms; vegetables such as sweet potato and pepper and leafy greens such as kale and parsley .

https://www.petsmart.com/learning-center/reptile-care/what-should-i-feed-my-bearded-dragon/A0064.html
calcium supplement should be added twice a week to a bearded dragons diet

bearded dragons cant eat
iceberg lettuce, spinach and beet tops, insects captured in the wild, fireflies, avocado and rhubarb

MBD is the result of a calcium/phosphorous imbalance in the body which causes a weakening of the skeletal structure as well as the carapace and plastron of turtles and tortoises. In more advance cases this can lead to repeated tremors, severe weakness, and bone fractures this was found at
https://avianandexoticvets.com/metabolic-bone-disease-in-reptiles#:~:text=MBD%20is%20the%20result%20of,severe%20weakness%2C%20and%20bone%20fractures.

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Below are the basic requirements for some of the more commonly kept species of reptile

Reptiles are an amazing and diverse group. This means that they have a large range of requirements when it comes to their diet. Some, like tortoises, are vegetarians - a world away from the sporadic, meat-only dietary pattern of a large boa snake!

With the needs of reptiles being so unique, however, it should be noted that this is a guide, and all reptile diets should be developed in line with advice from a reptile expert. It should also be remembered reptile UV light also plays an important role in metabolism, health and development.
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To see a range of nutrition options for reptiles, have a look at what's on offer from our friends in store.

Bearded dragons are omnivores, meaning that they naturally eat both plants and animals - although not picky over the definition of 'animal', most bearded dragons are offered insects as a major part of their diet in captivity to meet this need.

There are three components to a pet bearded dragon's diet:

Meats
In terms of their meat requirements, this is usually met through insects as these are convenient, generally inexpensive, can be 'gut-loaded' (fed high quality food before being fed to your bearded dragon) and can be dusted with supplement powders. Young bearded dragons have a higher need for protein than adult bearded dragons as they are growing and developing, and so have a higher meat/insect dietary demand. Although in the wild adult bearded dragons would still get about 75% of their nutrition from meat sources, pet bearded dragons do not get the same exercise as their wild counterparts, and will suffer obesity on a diet too rich in insects.

Vegetables/fruit (non-citrus)
Thus adult bearded dragon should only be getting 25% of their nutrition from insects in captivity, leaving the remaining 75% for the vegetables and fruit part of their diet, topped up with commercial food if appropriate. Avoid citrus fruits, lettuce, spinach and avocado, and keep fruit to only 10% of your breaded dragon's diet, if at all, as the high sugar isn't good for them.

Bearded dragon commercial food
Commercial bearded dragon foods are readily available. These are generally high in protein, and pre-loaded with essential vitamin and minerals. The hard texture can put off some breaded dragons, but commercial food may be a helpful addition (supplement) to your bearded dragon's diet.

Other mineral and vitamin supplements are available. Greens should be dusted with supplements (eg Nutrobal) and live food should be gut loaded and dusted to ensure optimum health. All bearded dragons also need clean, fresh water constantly available. If you think your bearded dragon isn't good at drinking, spraying their vegetables with water can help increase their intake. If you have any concerns about your bearded dragon's diet, or notice any changes in their eating or drinking habits, get in touch with your local reptile-friendly vet as soon as possible.

Lizards always require specialist care, and getting their diet right is an important part of that.

Leopard geckos eat solely meat; they do not eat plant matter such as fruit or vegetables. Ideally, this meat diet is given in the form of live insects - most geckos won't eat dead insects, even if offered.

The best options for live insects are mealworms or crickets. Both of these should be 'gut-loaded' - the process of giving insects a highly nutritious meal before they are fed to your gecko, thereby increasing the value of the meal.

Dusting insects with a powder of vitamins and minerals is another way to increase the nutritional value of the live insects you are feeding, and often both techniques are used.

Some higher calorie insect options, such as waxworms or superworms, are a great treat but should be offered sparingly. Geckos store fat in their tail, so don't suffer from classic obesity as easily as some reptile species, but care should still be taken not to overload on very fatty meal options as they will get hepatic lipidosis and cardiac disease.

Live feeding should be done when you can watch your gecko, and in the evening when your gecko has plenty of energy and will be active. Place live feed where they can see it and, if you can, offer crickets only a few at a time. Uneaten crickets should be removed and this can be difficult if there are lots of them to catch! Live food should be appropriately sized to make sure your gecko can handle catching and swallowing it - as a general rule, live insects offered should be no longer in the length than the space between your leopard gecko's eyes. On average, young leopard geckos are fed daily, whereas adult leopard geckos only need feeding every 2-3 days. It is important not to be tempted to over feed at each sitting.

Water should always be available for your leopard gecko -a shallow water dish is the best way to provide this, and this should be refreshed daily. Spraying geckos with water can help if they are poor drinkers, as they will lick the water off their skin - just like the morning dew in the wild!

If you have any concerns about your leopard gecko's diet, or notice any changes in their eating or drinking habits, get in touch with your local reptile-friendly vet as soon as possible.

Most tortoises are natural grazers, and in the wild will spend a large proportion of their day eating grass, plants, flowers and roots, depending on the species being kept. This diet is low in fat, sugar and protein, and high in fibre and calcium. Unsurprisingly, when offered some of our common vegetables and fruit, which are much higher in sugar and protein, tortoises get very excited! Unfortunately, these foods are not suitable to the way tortoises would naturally eat, and this has knock on consequences for their health. Ideally our pet tortoises should be fed as similarly to their wild counterparts as possible - think grasses, weeds, flower, leafy greens and herbs.

High protein vegetables such as peas and beans, and high sugar options such as fruit and root vegetables, should generally be avoided or only given as a very rare treat. As well as plant matter, supplementing the daily diet with calcium (ideally alongside vitamin D3) and mineral supplement is a good way to make sure your tortoise is getting everything they need. Young tortoises are especially at risk from nutritional imbalances are they grow. Slow even growth is best for long-term health, which can be obtained by feeding a correct and not overly rich diet. Even a few weeks on the incorrect diet can do lasting harm to a young tortoise. Adult tortoises are also not immune from the perils of a poor diet, which can lead to serious liver and kidney complications over time, as well as problems with bone and shell health.

Commercial 'complete' tortoise foods are also available. Many of these products can lead to problems, and should certainly not be the only source of nutrition for your tortoise. At most, a pelleted diet should be fed once or twice a week as a supplement, and should be soaked first.

Remember the diet does change with the species being kept. Savanah tortoises, such as the Sulcata, are grass grazers and need a large portion of their diet to be grass and hey. Some tortoises such as the Red-foot, yellow-foot, and box turtle, are omnivorous and will eat the odd insect or meat. Although your tortoise may eat the commercial food happily, it is important to base your tortoise's diet on what they need, rather than what they prefer. For example, many tortoises love tomatoes, cucumber and lettuce, but will get very ill on a diet based mainly around these ingredients. Like us, they have a tendency to prefer the foods that aren't healthy for them!

Finally, all tortoises need fresh water every day. Although equipped to handle dry environments, reduced drinking puts strain on the kidneys, and is an unnecessary risk in a captive tortoise. Even when eating moist vegetables, your tortoise will not get all the water that they need from their food. Bathing your tortoise twice once or twice a week can help reduce any hydration deficit.

If you have any concerns about your tortoise's diet, or notice any changes in their eating or drinking habits, get in touch with your local reptile-friendly vet as soon as possible.

Many fresh water turtles have an omnivorous diet, meaning that they eat both plants and animals. It should be noted however that some species of turtle have solely meat or plant based diets, so it is important that the diet you provide is appropriate for the species of turtle or terrapin that you own.

In the wild pond sliders feed on aquatic vegetation, small fish and carrion such as dead frogs. This might be a difficult diet to replicate for pet pond slider. With this in mind, many sliders are fed a combination of vegetation, meat and commercial turtle pellets. Where these turtles are concerned, variety is key. Making sure to give your turtles plenty of different food options as part of their diet will help them get everything they need to stay healthy.

Ideally, a commercial diet should not be the mainstay of the diet, but rather part of a larger, wider offering of food. As pond sliders are omnivores they will enjoy both meat and greens if you offer them. Younger terrapins need more protein, whereas adults should have a more significant portion of their diet made up of vegetation. It is still important to offer vegetation to young pond sliders however to get them used to eating vegetation, as this will help move them onto a more leaf-heavy diet as they age. For protein, turtle keepers will use options such as freeze-dried shrimp, crickets and mealworms.

Live prey can be stimulating for turtles, and can include bloodworms and daphnia, or insects on the surface of the water. Live prey should be carefully sourced, as they carry a risk of parasites or infections. These 'whole' meat sources are much healthier than feeding meat such as chicken breast or beef, which is not recommended, both due to the high protein content and the risk of bacteria.

If feeding freeze dried food it is essential to ensure the food has had supplements added as part of the process. It is advised to never feed previously frozen food (fish and prawns) as these will be nutritionally deficient. Food can be re-supplemented with mineral and vitamins available at your reptile store or vets.

For vegetation, aquatic plants such as duckweed, anacharis, water hyacinth and water lettuce are all good turtle snacks. Leafy greens such as dandelion, collard greens, mustard greens, spinach and kale are all healthy options. Dark lettuce can be given sparingly, but iceberg has little nutritional value and is best avoided. Turtles should also never be given onions or avocado. Shredding greens can help your turtle eat, especially when they are still small.

Fruit should be a special treat, as it is not a natural part of the turtle diet and is very rich. Any uneaten food should be removed every day to keep the tank clean. A good multivitamin and mineral should also be given to your turtle a few times a week, and must contain both calcium and vitamin D3.

Corn snakes are meat eaters, and will need to be fed whole meat such as thawed frozen rodents. Being comfortable with feeding your corn snake on these is an important consideration before thinking about buying a snake. While most snakes are given rodents that are already deceased, some people feel that feeding live rodents is a more natural experience for a snake. Most captive-bred corn snakes, however, will never have been given live prey and may reject it. There is also a risk of injury to your snake from live prey, as well as a risk of picking up infections, especially in wild-caught rodents. The UK legal consideration must also be complied with; meaning prey items are normally deceased when fed.

The size of rodent you offer needs to be suitable for your snake. Snakes eat their prey whole, so won't be able to manage or may regurgitate food which is too large. Rodents offered should be no larger than 1.5x the size of your corn snake's midsection and feeding too large a prey item can be detrimental.

Corn snakes also do not need to eat very frequently. A meal every 5-7 days for young snakes, and then every 7-10 days for adults, is enough to sustain them. Offered rodents should be thawed before feeding but never cooked - this may put your corn snake off or make them ill. Overfeeding should be avoided as, just like us, snakes can suffer from obesity.

Many people choose to feed their corn snake in a 'feeding tub' - a tub that will comfortably fit your snake, as well as sitting nicely in the vivarium. By only feeding your snake when it is in the feeding tub they will come to expect food only when it is there, reducing the risk of being bitten when your hands are in the normal vivarium, as well as reducing the risk of them accidentally ingesting any vivarium substrate. Another method is to feed them outside of the vivarium in a different container or area, so that they don't associate the opening of the door with feeding.

Common reasons for a snake to ignore a meal include:

Stress

Shedding, snakes will not eat during the shedding process

Incorrect vivarium temperatures, this should be graduated, and have hiding places in a range of temperature zones.

Inappropriate or 'bad' food items.

If your corn snake refuses a meal, take it away and re-offer in another week. Correct any issues you may have spotted with the environment in the meanwhile. Sometimes slightly warming and bloodying/slitting the food item can help.

All corn snakes should also always have access to clean, fresh water in a bowl. Many corn snakes like to lie in their water, so it is important to clean it regularly.

If you have any concerns about your corn snake's eating habits, as they are usually fairly consistent feeders, always contact your vet for advice.

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Below are the basic requirements for some of the more commonly kept species of reptile Reptiles are an amazing and diverse group. This means that they have a large range of requirements when it comes to their diet. Some, like tortoises, are vegetarians - a world away from the sporadic, meat-only dietary pattern of a large boa snake!

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Diet
Puppies have small stomachs and their immature digestive systems don’t react well to being overloaded. To avoid your puppy suffering from disorders such as diarrhoea, it’s best to split their daily recommended food portion into small meals throughout the day.
An adult dog needs at least 10% of its daily calories from protein and a minimum of 5.5%fats. An adult dog can contain up to 50% carbohydrates including 4.5% fibre
senior dogs
When dogs become older, it needs to be more careful of them than usual. Their demands are constantly changing and might not have as much energy. Low fat foods such as carrot, banana, apple, sweet potato
foods dogs shouldn't have
Avocados
grapes
chocolate
undercooked meat ,bones,
eggs
onion
garlic
under weight dog
if the spine is very pronounced with no flesh there, if their waist goes in and can see the ribs.
overweight dog
difficulty breathing
jumping
waddling
stiffness of joints
snoring
nutrients needed
water
protein
fats
vitamins
minerals
carbohydrates

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All necessary vitamins and minerals are included in complete and balanced dog foods. This means that additional foods or supplements are not necessary for your pet's general health.

What does Good Nutrition do for your Dog?

The proper balance of nutrients is essential when feeding your dog. Animals (and humans) need a certain combination of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water every day in order to function normally. Balanced nutrition is no accident - pet food manufacturers work hard to determine the exact formula that goes into their products so that they provide everything your dog needs on a daily basis.

There are foods designed for specific stages of life (such as for puppies or geriatric dogs), while some provide hypoallergenic nutrition and other formulations are developed to control specific health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, etc.

Each and every nutrient in your dog's food has a purpose. Without adequate nutrition, your dog would not be able to maintain muscle tone, build and repair muscles, teeth, and bone, perform normal daily activities with ease or fight-off infection. Proteins provide a source of energy and help with muscle function and growth. Fats provide energy, help the brain function, and keep the skin and hair coat shiny and healthy. Carbohydrates supply a source of quick energy that allow your dog to be active and energetic. Vitamins and minerals are necessary for muscle contraction and nerve conduction and they work to prevent disease.

Muscle Tone and Body Condition

Every single cell in the body is made up of protein. It is integral in building skin, hair, muscles, organs and other tissues. Protein is necessary to repair damaged cells and make new ones. Protein is especially important for young, growing and pregnant animals. The protein in your dog's diet ensures that he is able to build and maintain strong muscles. This is why one of the first few ingredients on a dog food label should be a protein source (chicken, beef, etc.).

Skin and Hair Coat Health

Everyone knows that a dog with a rich, shiny hair coat is most likely in good health. This is because dogs eating the proper balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids will have skin that is healthy which produces hair with a nice sheen. Skin that is dry will lead to hair that easily splits, breaks, and falls out easily. Foods with adequate omega-3 fatty acids have an anti-inflammatory effect to reduce itching and other irritations caused by allergies or environmental conditions (like low humidity levels in the winter).

Digestion and Elimination

Carbohydrates provide fiber that helps aid digestion and elimination. Dog foods are formulated so that the needed nutrients are readily available to your dog's digestive system and thus easily absorbed by the body. Digestibility is important so your dog can use all the nutrients in his food and easily rid his body of waste products. Your dog's food should provide all the nutrition he needs while producing only a minimum of stool to be picked up as the end result.

Immunity and Prevention of Disease

The vitamins and minerals found in every bag of dog food work together to keep your dog's immune system and metabolism functioning normally. Vitamins work to reduce the damage done to body cells on a daily basis. Minerals promote the normal function of the cells that maintain health. Vitamins and minerals come from both plant and animal sources in the diet. Without adequate levels of vitamins and minerals, your pet would eventually become ill.

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All necessary vitamins and minerals are included in complete and balanced dog foods. This means that additional foods or supplements are not necessary for your pet's general health. The proper balance of nutrients is essential when feeding your dog. Animals (and humans) need a certain combination of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water every day in order to function normally.