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By: Tyson Clarke, Aleksandra Stevanovic, Cassian Alleyne

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Definition:
Appeal to authority is a fallacy which claims that a statement is true because a valid authority or expert says it is true. The statement is often presented without proper evidence to support the belief. This persuades the audience to believe by appealing to the respect the authority (whether it's an expert or a famous person), rather than giving evidence.

Connection:
This commercial is a perfect example of appeal to authority. The commercial doesn't use a lot of words to sell it's product. Instead it shows a bunch of highlight from Michael Jordan's basketball career, while often subtly switching to a shot of Jordan drinking a Gatorade. Not so subtle was the end of the commercial which said "Be like Mike. Drink Gatorade", which is basically saying all you have to do if you want to play as good as Michael Jordan is to drink Gatorade. This will likely make kids and fans of Michael Jordan want to drink Gatorade.

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Be Like Mike Gatorade Commercial (ORIGINAL)

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Definition:
Proof by verbosity is a fallacy which uses a large amount of information with an abundance of detail all at once. This is often used to overcomplicate things and make it difficult for the listener to understand and be able to reply to each statement.

Connection:
A very obvious example of this fallacy is Donald Trump during his electoral and presidential speeches. It's not secret that the former president has been known to lie while standing in front of the microphone, but even with this being well documented he managed to continue to have the support of millions of people. In his speeches, Trump has a tendency to talk and talk and spew out non factual information. But due to the amount of importation he states with the confidence he holds, his supporters believe his words to be true.

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Definition:
The use of influential people (eg. celebrities, use of lab coats, degrees, etc.) to gain a trust in people to believe in what you are saying, without having any factual evidence.

Connection:
The ideology of Scientology places the word science in it, in order to trick people into believe that the beliefs of this church is factual. The church of Scientology was created in 1954 by L. Ron Hubbard; however, was presented as The Modern Science of Mental Health. Once Hubbard began receiving backlash from the public on his ideological beliefs, he turned to reaching out to celebrities in Hollywood for endorsements. Moving into the 1960s and 70s, Scientology was known as the spiritual counterculture - for this era, it attracted many young individuals. Scientology today is still ongoing, and many celebrities have spoken for it, or against it. Individuals apart of this church believe that an extraterrestrial creature named Thetan essentially lives in all of us, and we are immortal.

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Definition:
Red hearing is a clue that is presented to mislead or distract.

Connection:
As you can see in this video the kids are talking about the organic milk. But when their sibling comes downstairs and is asked about the youtube video they watched on milk, he brings up something completely different and distracts them from the original topic.

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Fallacy commercial. An example of a Red Herring

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Definition:
Ancient wisdom is pre- Christian knowledge and based on beliefs

Connection:
The "End of the Mayan calendar" myth is one of the biggest examples of this red flag in the past decade. The world was suppose to end in 2012 according to the Mayan calendarIn this video you can see the explanations to why this Belief was almost believable.

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End of the Mayan Calendar | Apocalypse 2012 Revelations

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Definition:
Simplicity is a reason for believe which involves a strange coincidence that one believes to be true/real.

Connection:
This video shares 10 of the strangest coincidences in history. One of the examples talks about Russian President, Vladimir Putin. The belief is that Putin is immortal. The images shown in the example below show three pictures of people who look nearly identical to him from nearly 100 years prior.

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Top 10 Strangest Coincidences In History

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Definition:
This reason for belief is based off of emotions. Emotions can cause you not to see things for what  they are and think irrationally

Connections:
Psychic Readings is an example of how emotional connection can cause you not to see things straight. if you are mourning a lost loved one or you simply believe in ghost. A psychic could say a few things that are accurate or that seem real and your emotional connection to whatever it may be won't allow you to see the truth.

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Definition:
A set of ideas and beliefs is defined as an ideology. An ideology is usually based off of religions, cultures, or politics.

Connection:
Reincarnation is a popular belief amongst religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, etc. In other words, life after death is the philosophical belief of transmigration - the soul leaving your passed body to enter another. The predominant issue in this ideological belief, is that there is no scientific proof that reincarnation is true. We can't even say that when a person dies, there is nothing more that happens because we simply do not know.

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The first step in the critical thinking process begins with defining the problem. Writing down a detailed few sentences on what the actual problem is will help you see if the claim is far fetched. After, you must gather all the evidence to see what supports or disproves the claim. Once you've gathered and organized all the information you've found through articles and websites, evaluate it. You can do this through fact checking the information, confirming the credibility of the source, and seeing how much the claim is scientifically correct. Then, open your mind and see what may have influenced the claim. Are there emotions, biases, or simply assumptions? There are always many possibilities to what the solution is, so identify all of the alternatives through synthesizing the evidence. Lastly, go through each of your alternative solutions and chose the most practical option based off of all the information you have gathered.