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Italy largely benefitted from shipbuilding, trade,  banking, and  wool industries located prominently in Florence which were highly profitable as they were sought  after luxury good. Everyone wants to be in Italy for trading, buying, and selling. However, prices will be marked up and if you desired to sell your goods there, a percentage of your money would be taken for profit (Amazon).

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Trade rich cities of Italy in the 13th and 14th century expanded to become powerful city-states that dominated the political and economic life of the surrounding countryside. They lacked central control and became independent states. The city-states were on the sea, centers for trade and commerce, new ideas traveled from their geographic location, and they became the middlemen of Europe.

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- The Republic of Florence (often compared to ancient Athens, cultural center of the Italian renaissance)
- Republic of Genoa
- Duchy of Milan
- Rome, the papal states
- Naples, Kingdom of two Sicilies
- Venice, Venetian Republic

$- Venice, Genoa, and Pisa (in the republic of Florence) used their strategic location in the Mediterranean sea to control the European trade with Middle East and Asia.

$- Florence, Rome, Naples, and Milan, thrived as manufacturing and market centers.

$-The economic power of these city- states, combined with Rome as the center of catholic power, made Italy a center of culture and luxury in Western Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries.

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Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice traded with the Byzantine Empire and the Moslem world extensively. During the late thirteenth century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. Marco polo, among the most famous Italian merchants, was known for traveling the silk road to Asia. He brought back luxury goods including silk, spices, and porcelain which further ignited desires of Europeans to explore and conquer during the Age of Exploration.

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The Medici Family became Wealthy through banking and later became a political dynasty in Florence under Cosimo de' Medici. The first of the dynasty,  Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, would begin to patron the arts during this Renaissance. He ignored the church's prohibitions of lending for interest to provide the necessary funds for changing world economy.  The family aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, in 1419.

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Catholicism during the reformation, had economic ties to other catholic countries including England ,  France, Spain, Portugal, etc. this asserted the fact the church at this time still dominated over every aspect of economic, political, and social life in Europe. These economic restraints gave many countries desires to break away and cut ALL ties with the Pope.

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Both the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaisssance at this time, have rising economies and trade. The Northern equivalent to the Medici in Italy, were the Fuggers located in Augsburg. This family  peaked in banking power under Jakob Fugger.

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Catholicism, using their power over the economy, began to restrict christians through the usury ban. This prevented christians from lending money with interest. Since this was a catholic enforced rule, this gave jews (considered a minority) the perfect time to take advantage of the banking industry. As banking emerged into a field of finance, many bankers began to offer credit and loans so that merchants could borrow money for purchasing wares to sell, then would pay it back to bankers with interest. This can be an example of early Capitalism

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Sale of indulgences: a payment to the Catholic Church which would reduce the amount of punishment you would undergo for sins, and would save you  from purgatory.

Tithe tax: The catholic church had a tax of its own, Tithe means “one-tenth”, because people were supposed to give the Church one-tenth of all the income they earned.

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In 1555, Charles of the Habsburg dynasty granted the Netherlands to his son, Philip II, king of Spain. As Philip II was a Catholic and part of the Netherlands was protestant the Dutch resisted not only the new taxation, but also the intolerance and oppressive methods of imposing Catholicism by means of the Inquisition. A long eighty years lasting war began. Feeling of the national identity developed in the Netherlands during this war.

In 1581, the Union of Utrecht proclaimed independence from Spain. The new nation suffered a series of reverses in the war, but finally in 1648 the Spanish recognized the sovereignty of the Republic. The Dutch Republic remained until 1794 at least nominally, under the power of the Austrian throne of Habsburg.

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- Merchants, adventurers, and government officials had high hopes of finding new areas of trade, and more direct access to the sources of the east

- Spices continued to come to Europe through arabs but it was too expensive

- In addition to the potential profits to be made from the spice trade, many europeans explorers and conquerors did not hesitate to express their desire for material grain in the form of gold and other precious metals

- In the end result economic power shifted  within Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states. In Asia, the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch competed for control of trade routes and trading stations.

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The columbian exchange was an interchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the Americas following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean in 1492.

The trade brought European manufactures goods and alcohol to Africa and the Americas, and products such as lumber fur, gold, sugar, peanuts, beans, potatoes, tobacco, chocolate, vanilla, and corn to Europe.

Europe, on the other hand, gave the americas a handful of diseases including smallpox, influenza, and measles. Within 50 years, 90 percent of all natives were killed by the germs, guns, steel weapons, and armor that europeans brought with them.

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Mercantilism emerged as a new economic system in which the mother country trades with the colonies, and the colonies are not allowed to trade directly with other nations. It was intended to lesson financial dependence on other European countries.

goals with a mercantilist economy: - export more than you import
- attain as much bullion as possible
- enrich the mother country

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Joint stock companies allowed several investors to pool their money/wealth in support of a colony that would, hopefully, yield a profit.

Ex:
- Virginia Company: established the first english settlement in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607

Joint-stock companies supported the capitalist economic system as it was an example where individuals could invest for themselves. Protestants coming to new world for religions freedom would NEVER be funded by state, joint stock companies would allow them to go by funding them with their own money.

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Ferdinand and Isabella financed and charted expeditions to the new world in search of profitable raw materials and new lands(Columbus in the Caribbean). Spain, along with Portugal, were the two main powers competing during this age of exploration.

In 1493, during his second voyage, Columbus founded Isabela, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World, on Hispaniola. After finding gold in recoverable quantities nearby, the Spanish quickly overran the island and spread to Puerto Rico in 1508, to Jamaica in 1509, and to Cuba in 1511.  The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. Their first settlement in North America, St. Augustine, was claimed by Ponce de Leon in the 1500s.

Decline: Although Spain was said to have the most advance navy fleet, the Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588 by Elizabeth I thanks to the Protestant wind. After this time period, we wont really hear much of Portugal or Spain being main powers as England and France will emerge.

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the Portuguese set up a vast trade network along the African coast , South America, and in southern and eastern Asia. Portuguese fleets began probing toward Africa in search of gold, they reached the Senegal river and brought home a cargo of black Africas who were sold as slaves in Europe. In 1471 the Portuguese discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of west Africa.They established contact with the states in Africa. To facilitate trade in gold, ivory, and slaves the Portuguese leased land from local rulers and built stone along the coast. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.

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The Dutch East India company was a company whose main purpose was trade, exploration, and colonization throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It was created in 1602 and lasted until 1800. it is considered to be one of the first and most successful international corporations. During the 16th century, the spice trade was growing throughout Europe but it was mostly dominated by the Portuguese. The shift in power began in the early 17th century when the dutch seized a Portuguese fort in the Maluccas and then gradually pushed the Portuguese out of the spice trade. When the Dutch enlarged their trade routes to include southeast Asia, they turned modern Indonesia into the Dutch East Indies, which was incredibly profitable as well and helped the dutch create the strongest economy in Northern Europe at the time especially with their establishment of the bank in Amsterdam.

Their Decline: the Dutch East India company began to decline, starting with a decrease in trading with . japan and the loss of the silk trade with china after 1666. In 1672 the third anglo dutch war disrupted trade with Europe and in the 1680s, other European trading companies began to grow and increase the pressure on the Dutch East India company. Furthermore, European demand for asian spices and other goods began to change around the middle of the 18th century.

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the triangular trade were a series of trade routes between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Between the 1500 and the 1800s, millions of africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic ocean, and sold as slaves in  the americas and west indies were there were plantation economies. These plantation economies relied solely on africans as they were immune to diseases, unlike the fragile natives, which made them the perfect labor source. First, Europe would provide guns, textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to Africa. Then Africans themselves would enslave other African Americans to be shipped off as slaves in the west indies and North America. The raw materials made from the plantations such as cotton, sugar, and tobacco, would be transported back to Europe for manufacturing where the process would start all over again.

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The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage.

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The french also established a colonial empire in North America. In 1534 the french explorer Jacques Cartier had discovered the Saint Lawrence river and laid claim to Canada as a french possession. It was not until 1608, however, when Samuel de Champlain established a settlement at Quebec that the french began to take a more serious interest in Canada as a colony. French North America was run autocratically as a vast trading area, where valuable cur, leather, fish, and timber were acquired.

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England was late to this age of exploration as England didn't start its first successful colony in North America until 1607, more than 100 years after Columbus arrived in the New World. The first settlement, Jamestown, was established for the sole purpose of being an economic colony. However the colony of only men barely survived because of the constant attacks by natives and malaria. Along with that it wasn’t making very much money.  After being introduced tobacco, Jamestown quickly made money and became a plantation colony dependent on slave labor.

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Henry VIII Monetary factors In Act of Supremacy 1534

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Henry VIII Monetary factors In Act of Supremacy 1534

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Henry VIII Act of supremacy not only asserted Henry as the head of both Church and state, but cut all economic ties with the Church. This decision gave monetary and economic benefits for Henry.
Henry took over England's monasteries, which owned huge treasures, including gold and silver religious objects as well as valuable land. The English people had been required to pay income to these monasteries, and this substantial income now went to the government. The sale of monastic lands and objects also provided the royal treasury with huge profits, and shifted new wealth to the nobles. This allowed the nobles, in time, to assume more influential roles in England's affairs.

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The rising population of Europe increasingly demand for goods increasing prices. The influx of gold and silver caused inflation which stimulated production.

The incredible influx of gold and silver in the 1500s led inflation to spread from Spain throughout Europe because the mines at Guanajuato, Zacatecas, and Potosi in Mexico and Peru flooded the gold and silver markets.

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Baroque art was most popular during 1600 and 1750

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Baroque art originated from Italy

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Used during the counter reformation, divine right absolutism, and the english civil war. This type of art was used during turbulent times.

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Baroque art is known for over ornamentation , curved lines, and art that awes the viewer with impressive size and emotional reactions, it represents a rejection of renaissance restraint, especially in emotions. Compared to renaissance art, its unbalanced but still has the frame work of classical themes, will be predominantly religious, or grounded in the greco roman classical tradition.

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- motion: in renaissance art, you see stillness, in baroque art you see more movement. Motion is represented in more of a candid manner rather than a pose.

- emotion: less restraint in art, more of an emotional feel to it.

- turbulence: baroque art challenged existing rules of symmetry in art

- grandeur: communicated magnificence, was made in a grand style

- contrast: contrast with light and dark colors, compared to renaissance which used primarily bright colors

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In this painting, it depicts archangel Michael trampling the devil. The emotion and the action is openly depicted and not restrained. The contrast is also visible, with both light and darker shades.

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Caravaggio, The crowning with thorns 1602-1604

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Caravaggio, The crowning with thorns 1602-1604

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Jesus is depicted getting crowned with thorns, its a very intense emotional painting. Caravaggio purposely doesn't portrays Jesus as ideal, he has the body of a normal, average human. He wanted to present the human body as it really is and not how it would appear ideally.

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St. Jerome, is depicted in his true state, as an old man. The contrast makes it seem as though there is some sort of spot light casted down on Jerome.

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Caravaggio, David with the head of Goliath 1606-1607

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Caravaggio, David with the head of Goliath 1606-1607

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There is not a shyness in depicting the gore and blood in this image. Additionally, David isn't portrayed as this perfect human, he is pictured as a normal looking person.

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Caravaggio, Judith beheading Holofernes  1598-1599

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Caravaggio, Judith beheading Holofernes  1598-1599

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Again, this image shows contrast, a spotlight effect on the moment of action. The emotion is clearly visible and evident

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Peter Paul Rubens, The Massacre of the Innocents 1611-1612

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Peter Paul Rubens, The Massacre of the Innocents 1611-1612

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extremely emotional as every face looks hurt or in pain, captures a lot of action. Depicts the episode of the biblical Massacre of the Innocents of Bethlehem

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Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa 1647-1653

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Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa 1647-1653

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shows how St. teresa was overwhelmed by the presence and spirit of god, very emotional sculpture made during the counter reformation. Erotic, emotional love for god

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in comparison to Michelangelo's David, which includes the contra posta stance, the depiction right before an action, Bernini's David is in a moment of action, shows emotion, imbalance, and modesty.

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Rococo art was most popular during 1710 and 1790

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Rococo art originated from France

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The reason this art is less formal and more lighthearted is due to who the patrons were. The people who were spending money during the rococo art period was the aristocracy. they were looking for pleasant art work and decoration to place in their homes. Life was about pleasure during this time period, especially for those in France. Once King Louis XIV passed away, the french nobles were ecstatic to finally have freedom again, the art work created during this time is reacting to those emotions.

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Typified as similar to baroque. but more ornamental and less formal. Its playful and lighthearted, and not serious like neoclassical art.

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- Pastel colors: for rococo art there was definitely a preference for light pastel colors, especially pink. today pink is considered a feminine color. however, during rococo art, pink was considered a less intense version of red, a masculine color.

- preference for curved lines

- taste for elaborate decorations, especially gold

- asymmetrical, off center

- loos brush strokes

-  content: rococo art didn't focus on religion or historical paintings, instead you will see more paintings of the aristocracy pictured in their leisure time Love and erotic themes were also seen in rococo art

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Jean-Antoine Watteau & Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing 1767

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Jean-Antoine Watteau & Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing 1767

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This painting is considered to be the most famous in rococo art. Its very playful as it depicts a young elegant women being pushed on a swing by an older man, as a young man hiding in the bushes started up into her dress. The background, and all the colors used in this painting are very fun, cheery, and light. Very rococo

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displays this young aristocratic boy, with a pastel, light blue clothing on. it is believed to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttall. Gainsborough, portrays the this upperclass boy in nature, in his leisure time.

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Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Embarkation for Cythera  1718-1719

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Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Embarkation for Cythera  1718-1719

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The work celebrates love, with many cupids flying around the couples and pushing them closer together, as well as the statue of Venus (the goddess of love).it depicts a departure from the island of Cythera, the birthplace of Venus, thus symbolizing the temporary nature of human happiness.

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The characteristics of French Rococo included exceptional artistry, especially in the complex frames made for mirrors and paintings, Curved lines, taste for gold as an elaborate decoration and the use of vegetal forms (vines, leaves, flowers) intertwined in complex designs.

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Use of complex designs rather than a focus on symmetry, Use of curved lines, pastel colors, and use of gold as decoration.

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Neoclassicism was most popular during 1790 and the 1820's

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Ancient Greece and Rome

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Considered the main art of French  revolution. Popular throughout both Europe and North America. Neoclassical artists would look back to the classical style of art. Neoclassical art can appear sometimes cold and unemotional, but in fact, some of the most popular neoclassical themes were emotional subjects like patriotism, sacrifice, and courage. Neoclassicism shunned sensuality and the shallow character of rococo style and aimed instead for the symmetry, proportion, and simplicity achieved during the renaissance. This art style arose as new interests of classical pasts due to archeological discoveries in places such as Rome and Pompeii

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Revival of styles and sprit of classic antiquity, reflected the age of enlightenment and was initially a reaction against the excesses of the Rococo.

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- Formal composition

- accurate detail

- solid lines

- classical/ mythological themes

- Restraint, order, and balance

- symmetry

- ideal human form, as opposed to the less that perfect figures of real people

- greek order of architecture: columns, domes, systems of structural elements in ancient greek architecture that go together for cohesive ideas. Neoclassical architecture stresses order and harmony. There is restrained decoration and minimal ornamentation.

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Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat 1793

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Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat 1793

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Marat's pictured figure is idealized. For example, the painting contains no sign of his skin problems, his skin appears clean and unblemished. additionally, David portrays Marat as a martyr of the revolution, a personable hero.

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Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Socrates 1787

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Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Socrates 1787

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socrates decided to drink poison, and take his own life instead of allowing anyone to execute him, he was known as a martyr for his own beliefs questioning ideals and customs. This image looks very classical, they appear to be wearing togas, very greco roman looking.

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Jacques-Louis David, Portrait of Madame Récamier 1800

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Jacques-Louis David, Portrait of Madame Récamier 1800

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portrays her in greco roman, Neoclassical fashion, reclining on an Directoire style sofa, in a simple Empire line classical dress

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Very neoclassical with the dramatic use of columns, spherical dome in the center, simplicity in geometric forms, symmetry, order, preference for blank walls, and restrained decoration