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was a philosopher, author, social theorist and economist famous for his theories about capitalism and communism.

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the action of rotating around an axis or center.

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one of the world's most famous economists.

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was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

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which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries,

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an African bloodsucking fly which bites humans and other mammals, transmitting sleeping sickness and nagana.

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West Indies and exchanged for sugar, rum, and other commodities which were in turn shipped back to Britain.

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading.

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a war that took 7 years

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a natural object or animal that is believed by a particular society

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conquistador.

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an act,

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was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa

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agreement between Spain and Portugal

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explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope

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a country or area under the full or partial political control

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was highly important for its sweeping decrees on self-reform and for its dogmatic definitions that clarified virtually every doctrine contested by the Protestants.

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the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

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was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

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the action or fact of indulging.

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was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period.

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an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

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a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne.

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a large bow drawn by hand and shooting a long feathered arrow. It was the chief weapon of English armies from the 14th century until the introduction of firearms.

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a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.

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the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war.

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was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe. In this lesson, learn the timeline, causes, effects and major inventions that spurred this shift in production.

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The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 13th century until the early 18th century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the Industrial Revolution

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a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

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Under this system, the arable land of an estate or village was divided into three largefields: one was planted in the autumn with winter wheat or rye; the second field was planted with other crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third was left fallow, in order to allow the soil of that field

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

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an educational institution designed for instruction, examination, or both, of students in many branches of advanced learning, conferring degrees in various faculties, and often embodying colleges and similar institutions.

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the culture and style of art and architecture developed during the Renaissance.

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was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

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he series of military campaigns by which Christian armies reclaimed control of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors, starting in the eighth century and culminating in the fall of Granada in 1492.

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sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191

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On 27 November 1095, Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of "Deus volt!" or "God wills it!"

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one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy.

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the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

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the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.