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Since they interact with each other for the entirety of their time within the book, these two men will have a combined section with 6 facts and two visuals.

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Pope Gregory VII will from now on be refferred to as the Pope. Emporer Henry IV will now be refferred to as the Emporer.

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So, here's what hapened:

The Pope mostly stayed in the Western Roman Empire country of Italy. But, Constantinople and the rest of the Eastern Roman Empire were christians too, and they started getting quite upset. Then, an Emporer over there needed a new Bishop, the highest honour in the church at that time under the Pope. Since the Emporer was appointed by god, and yadda yadda yadda, he decided to just appoint the Bishop himself instead of sending a letter all of the way to the Pope and back, and taking into account that most people were illiterate it really was a process. This was a big no-no and the Pope got super annoyed. He decided that in revenge he would excommunicate that emporer, and given in that time not beign a part of the church meant that you could'nt go to heaven and that was so much of what they cared about this was huge. So being rightfully horrified, the Emporer walked barefoot to the Pope, all the way over in Italy, and begged for forgiveness. The Pope wouldn't talk to the Emporer until after the Emporer had waited outside in the freezing snow for 3 days to let him in to talk. The Pope accepted the Emporer back into the church but showed that he meant business.

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The two men fought each other in the Third Crusade.

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Richard I was also known as Lionheart because of his courage. He did not win the Third Crusade against Saladin but he earned respect for his courage. He is now the hero of many stories and tales.

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Saladin is not made of lettuce. He is instead on of the greatest generals of the Middle Ages. He won the third crusade. Some people thought of him as the model of chivalry. He was very compassionate to his fallen enemies.

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Clergy, Religious Order, Francis of Assisi, Friars, and Thomas Aquinas

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Clergy, Religious Order, Francis of Assisi, Friars, and Thomas Aquinas

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They were church officials. Clergy had very influential teachings in European culture and politics. Some clergies spent more time with politics than church things.

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A religious order is a group of people that dedicate their lives to religion and common rules. The Cluniac monks were a religious order. Women could join religious orders called covents.

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He was the son of a wealthy merchant. He gave up all of his possessions. He lived a simple life of mostly teaching.

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Friars were people that belonged to religious orders but lived among common people. They did not have shoes and only wore simple robes. Their main goal was to teach people to live good christian lives.

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He was born in Italy but lived most of his life in France. He was a scholar at the University of Paris. After that he became a teacher. He believed that science and religion were related.

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The Parliament was a council of nobles. The advised the King. The Parliament is now the governing body of England. Kings couldn't do much without asking the King.

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Joan was originally a peasant girl. She rallied the troops of France. She was burned at the stake. The french eventually won.

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Moors, King Ferdinand, Queen Isabella, and the Jews

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Moors, King Ferdinand, Queen Isabella, and the Jews

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Also called the Muslim Moors, the Moors occupied northen Africa, and at a time, some of Spain. They were mostly driven out of Spain by 1300. The only city that they had left was Granada. They were drven out because they were not Christian.

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King Ferdinand married Queen Isabella before they earned their titles. When they married Ferdinand was still the prince of Aragon. He and his wife started the Spanish Inquisition to drive out non Christians.

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Queen Isabella married King Ferdinand before they enherited their titles. When they married she was a castillian princess. Along with her husband, Queen Isabella started the Spanish Inquisition to rid their kingdom of people not following the Christian religion.

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Jews were highly punished for their beliefs. Christians believed that the Jews had caused the death of Jesus. There were many campaigns to force all Jews to convert to Christianity or leave their homes.