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En nuestra discusión en clase, muchos de los nativos dicieron que comiten muchos errors cuando hablan en español. Pienso que esta es muy interesante porque yo sé que yo comito muchos errors cuando yo hablo en ingles. Yo quería saber qué son los errores más comúnes de los nativos hablantes de español y yo encontré esta lista. Según la lista, los errores más comúnes son; la sigificancia de exclamaciones, "te escucho mal," "pollo frito" vs "pollo friedo," errores de genéro, "S" en la termina de palabras, usando "de que" en contra de "que," usando articulos antes de nombres, y usando "a la final."

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Mispronunciations, malapropisms, and misuse of words. As a native English speaker, you are probably "guilty" of these all the time. And you are probably guilty of doing some mistakes yourself, which is totally fine.

None of these things are limited to English speakers though. Remember your middle school teachers cringing at the way some of your classmates wrote and spoke? Well, teachers in Spanish-speaking countries suffer just as much when their students make mistakes in Spanish.

Even adult Spanish native speakers make mistakes. It's true. Spanish has its own versions of ain't, irrelevant, split infinitives, and supposablies. Here are seven common Spanish mistakes you'll hear from your native speaking friends. Jot those down and don't repeat them!

An Ouch by Any Other Name...Is Really Complicated on Paper

Ouch! Ow! Yeowch! There are a few words that English speakers exclaim when they hurt themselves. Spanish speakers are no different. They use 'hay', 'ahi', and 'ay' respectively. In fact, it's very common for languages to have onamonapia words to describe things like pain or acts like sneezing. The problem comes when native speakers people try to to write these out.

There is no way to mistake what ouch, ow, and yeowch mean. Unfortunately, in Spanish ahi, hay, and ay have different meanings. So if you want to say " ouch " in Spanish, you know how, but if you want to write it down, be careful, because there is only one correct way to do so:

Ahí means 'over there'. This is an adverb that indicates a place.

"El lapiz está ahí, en la mesa, agárralo"
"The pencil is over there, on the table, take it"

Hay means 'there is and there are'. This is a conjugated form form of the verb .

"Hoy no hay arroz en el supermercado, tendremos que venir mañana"
"There is no rice on the supermarket today, we'll have to come back tomorrow"

Ay. Is the correct way to complain when something hurts, and also it's used to express some other common emotions.
This means "ouch" or "oh, no" and usually goes with exclamation marks.

"¡Ay! Me pisaste, ten cuidado la próxima vez, me dolió mucho"
"Ouch! You stepped on my foot, be careful next time, it hurts so bad"'

This is the correct word to express "ouch", and the only way it should be written.

Just like English, these homophones can make writing a little unclear if there aren't enough context clues.

"I'm Listening to You Badly!"

"Te escucho mal" is a widely used version of 'I can't hear you!' In fact, it's so widespread that most people never even question it. It's also a bit of a malapropism. If you translate it to English, it means, 'I'm listening to you badly.' But the correct term is actually, ' Te oigo mal '.

In Spanish, the confusion is with the verbs " escuchar"(to listen) and " oir"(to hear). It is wrong when native Spanish speakers are talking on the phone and suddenly they can't hear the other, and say " no te escucho" o " te escucho mal ".

"Escuchar", like "to listen", is when we apply our attention and intention in a conversation with others.

On the other hand " oir" or " to hear " involves only what we perceive with our auditory system.

Of course, depending on where you travel in South America and who you speak with, this may be a case of choosing between the technically correct and the more socially accepted usage. Do you want to be the person who is using the phrase that Spanish language teachers would approve of, or the once that makes you sound more like a native speaker? Suppose the answer is clear.

Is it "pollo frito" or "pollo freído"?

The word freído means " fried" and it is the past of " to fry". The confusing thing here is that it has two participles, the regular " freído" and the irregular " frito " (remember they both mean fried). They are both used with no other distinction than that of habits.

The irregular form " frito" is the one people use, and that is because of the famous meal " Pollo frito" (fried chicken). Since the meal has the word " frito" and it is so frequent, the irregular participle is the usual way to say that you fried a chicken or anything else. Although, when we are using it as an adjective or substantive, the correct word is always " frito ".

It is ok to say " el pollo está freído" and it is also ok to say " el pollo está frito ", but the more common for native Spanish speakers is the second one.

What is wrong is when you refer to the meal as " pollo freído". It is not correct to say " Voy a comer pollo freído"(I am going to eat fried chicken) or " No me gustan los alimentos freídos", the correct way is, " No me gustan los alimentos fritos " (I don't like fried meals). Because in those cases the word works as an adjective or substantive.

Another common mistake some natives make is using the verb, " fritar ".

In some neighborhoods in Latin America, you may hear someone say, for an example:

"" Instead of saying " voy a freír " because of the popular use of " frito ".

In Gritty Spanish Beginnings audio stories, there is an episode called, " Cooking for the wife ". Towards the middle of the dialogue, the wife says to her husband:
A fun fact
In many countries. native Spanish speakers they'll use the word " frito" to call someone crazy/nuts, if they feel that person has a " fried brain ".

An example of this may be:

"Juan se descontroló en la fiesta, ese tipo está frito"
"Juan got out of control in the party, that dude is fried (crazy)".

The Whole Masculine/Feminine Thing is Hard For Native Speakers Too

English isn't the only language that has rules, and then turns around and confuses everyone with exceptions to those rules - think irregular verbs. This happens in Spanish too! Worse, it happens with one of the most confusing things about the whole language.

Not only is gender assigned to words. Sometimes masculine pronouns are attached to words that sound like they should be feminine, like . Not only that, it gets more confusing. You would think that if you were supposed to say 'el agua'el agua that you should also say este agua.

The Magically Appearing 'S'

Depending on where you go in America, the letter R does some interesting things: it disappears altogether in Boston in words like 'pahk' and 'cah'. It reappears in the south and midwest in the word 'warsh'.

In parts of Spain, the S sound does this magical appearances as well. If you visit Spain's Iberian peninsula, you'll notice that nearly everyone tends to thrown an 'S' at the end of words. We wonder if there's a missing letter S in some other Spanish speaking region?

Is this a mistake, or is it simply the sign of a bit of an accent? It's hard to tell. All we know is that it's one of many funny Spanish mistakes. You won't hear it everywhere, but it is definitely something you will here on the Iberian peninsula. It's one thing the rest of Spain tends to notice that makes people from that region stand out a bit.

Using "De Que" Instead of "Que"

It's very common for many Spanish speakers to use the phrase 'De que' when 'que' on its own is actually correct. In fact, it's so common that people often do not even notice the error when they say it or hear it. However, there are a small number of people who cringe at it, and feel as if it shows the speaker isn't very well educated.

This is something that causes confusion because there are times when it is okay to use de que together. Then there are times that it isn't. It's one more of those confusing rules that even native speakers don't always understand.

This mistake in particular is commonly known as " dequeísmo ".

Here is an example because this error may be very confusing to a non-Spanish speaker:
"Yo pienso de que no deberían salir tan tarde porque es peligroso" "Yo pienso que no deberían salir tan tarde porque es peligroso" "I think that you shouldn't go out too late because it is dangerous"
Check out this video of how to use "que" and "de que" in some real sentences:

"You Are The Man! You Are The Woman!"

This one isn't the most common mistake, but it still happens enough. Spanish speakers may refer to other people by name, but put el or la in front of the name. This is like calling your friend Howard, 'The Howard'.

It's a potentially cool nickname, but to us, this will also sound a little weird.
Here is a fun example:
"Mira, ahí va La Juana , caminando como si fuera la dueña del mundo"
"Look, there goes The Juana, walking like she owns this world"

Using "A la final" instead of "al final"

It is very common to hear a Spanish speaker tell an exciting story, and when he or she coming to the end of that story, the climax that will reveal what finally happened, they say " a la final" which means " at the end" but the correct way is " al final ".

"La final" is only used when, for example, it is the final game in the World Cup. So it is probable that this started to give importance to the final fact of one story. But here comes something that can be even more confusing for an English speaker. This term is also used to express something like " after all "
Here's an example: Incorrect: "La buscamos en todas partes, a la final estaba en el lugar más obvio: su cuarto" Correct: "La buscamos en todas partes, al final estaba en el lugar más obvio: su cuarto" "We looked her everywhere, and at the end she was in the more obvious place: her room" Another Example: "Está cometiendo muchos errores, quiero ayudarla, pero a la final cada quien aprende solo" "Está cometiendo muchos errores, quiero ayudarla, pero al final cada quien aprende solo" "She is making a lot of mistakes, I want to help her, but everyone learns from mistakes after all"
Common Spanish Mistakes: Something to Avoid or a Part of The Language's Character?

These are just a few common grammar mistakes in Spanish. On one hand, it's good to recognize the common mistakes by native speakers. On the other, many of these are what contribute to the grittiness of the language.

After all, how many people do you know who speak the Queen's English? Probably not even the queen herself. Learn to avoid embarrassing Spanish mistakes will help you become a better speaker, but holding onto a few 'technical errors' might just help your spoken language sound a bit more authentic.

Still, it is always a good idea to learn the correct way first. You never know when you might want to speak in a way that is a little more formal, instead of the gritty talk!

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8 Common Spanish Mistakes Even Native Speakers Make

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Mispronunciations, malapropisms, and misuse of words. As a native English speaker, you are probably "guilty" of these all the time. And you are probably guilty of doing some mistakes yourself, which is totally fine. None of these things are limited to English speakers though.

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Este TedTalk nos enseña como hablar como nativo hablante de cualquier idioma. Algunos de los consejos que nos da son practicar la pronunciacion, aprender refrases coloquiales, aprender rasgos culturales, y si tu puedes, sumergete en un pais o region que habla la lengua que quieres aprender. Pienso que este video es muy relevante porque cuando discutimos en clase, hay muchas personas que están aprendiendo español que están muy nerviosas cuando hablan con nativo hablantes.

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How to Talk Like a Native Speaker | Marc Green | TEDxHeidelberg

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Pienso que el tema de "Spanglish" es muy interesante y un poco cómico. Pero, es un bueno ejemplo de como espanol y ingles puede se influcian unos a otros. Este sitio web nos da algunos de las palabras de Spanglish que son las más comícas. Por ejemplo, la lista contiene las palabras "El shopping" (the mall), "Jamberger" (hamburger), y "creepear" (to creep on someone).

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Spanglish has really invaded the Spanish language in basically every Spanish speaking country. While some cross-over is only natural, sometimes the words that pop up in the Spanish vocabulary are just down-right comical. Here's my personal collection of some of the worst Spanglish words in use.

Technology Spanglish Words

In the case of gaming and technical language, I can understand the crossover a little more, so let's take a look at some of those first.

2. Updatear or opdeitear - To update
Spanish alternative: actualizar

5. Googlear or gugulear- to Google
Spanish alternative: buscar en Google

6. Clickear - To click
Spanish alternative: hacer clic, pinchar, apretar

Other Spanglish Words

With some of these others though, I'm not sure there is a good excuse for such terrible Spanglish!

1. Machar or machear - to match
Spanish alternative: combinar

8. Creepear or cripi- To creep on someone (often used when talking about looking over someone's Facebook page)
Spanish alternative: horripilante

9. A full - to be done with great intensity, for example, trabajando a full means "working really hard"
Spanish alternative: al máximo

13. Frizz or frizar - Frizz or to get frizzy
Spanish alternative: encrespar

14. Frizar - To freeze (in the freezer)
Spanish alternative: congelar

15. El locker - locker
Spanish alternative: el casillero

16. Ver un show - To see a show, such as a play or a concert
Spanish alternative: ver un espectáculo, ver un concierto, ver una obra, ver un recital

17. El ticket - A ticket, though only some places will understand this, which makes it tricky when you need to travel in places that use the proper words, entrada (for a show/event) and boleto (for travel)
Spanish alternative: el boleto, la entrada

18. Jamberger - Hamburger
Spanish alternative: hamburguesa

19. Mandar un inbox - To send a Facebook message
Spanish alternative: mandar un mensaje

These are all pretty sorry excuses for "Spanish" that certainly fall under the Best of the Worst Spanglish category, but this is far from all the English/Spanish hybrid words that have leaked into the Spanish language. Can you think of any more?
Check out these other English Spanish articles and our Spanglish Pinterest board for more cool examples.

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28 Spanglish Words: The Best of the Worst

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Spanglish has really invaded the Spanish language in basically every Spanish speaking country. While some cross-over is only natural, sometimes the words that pop up in the Spanish vocabulary are just down-right comical. Here's my personal collection of some of the worst Spanglish words in use.

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El libro habla sobre los mensajes de texto en español, y quería aprender más sobre las abreviaturas que los hispanohablantes usan en los mensajes de texto. Este sitio web nos da ejemplos de abreviaturas muy comúnes. Algunos de eso son muy raro para mi, por ejemplo "+ 0 -" significa "mas o menos" y "100pre" significa "siempre."

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hla amig@s

Can't understand what your Spanish friends are saying online?

Learning to read and write in Spanish isn't as easy as it used to be.

In this world of tweets and text messages, you'll need to learn Spanish text slang to follow what's going on.

Contents

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere.Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Common Spanish Text Slang

Here's a table of some of the most common Spanish text slang. If this looks a bit intimidating, don't worry: we'll go into the "rules" for writing text slang in Spanish later!

Why You Need to Learn Spanish Text Message Slang

It's not just to keep up with the cool kids.

There are several practical reasons learning Spanish text slang is useful for anyone.

Cutting down on characters will save you money on texts in the long run. Your friends will also be glad to no longer receive your four-message-long essays. If you've ever had several messages "beep" in quick succession on your phone, you know how annoying this can be.

You can simply say less in your messages, or you can use fewer characters to say the same thing. I think you'll agree that the second option is more appealing.

Even if don't regularly write text messages in Spanish, Spanish text slang is used across social media sites like Facebook and Instagram, as well as messaging services like WhatsApp. Using and understanding this slang will make you sound like an authentic member of the Spanish-speaking community.

Which you are, of course. Right?

Deciphering all those signs and symbols can be a fun way to use the Spanish you already know in a new way.

The Characteristics of Spanish Text Message Slang

Omitting letters

Like in English, omitting vowels is one of the easiest way to shrtn wrds. Genial becomes , for example.

Losing consonants works too. Ahora is often written as

But of course, it's not always just a simple case of getting rid of the vocales.

Switching letters

Another Spanish text slang characteristic is switching letters. For example, the letters and both change to , so quiero becomes , aquí becomes and quién becomes .

As you've seen, x is another letter that's used a lot in Spanish text slang. usually symbolizes , so por favor (please) becomes P orque and ¿ por qué? (because and why) become and respectively.

As por and para are similar (though sadly not exactly the same!), para becomes . Para qué? (another version of "why?" or "what for?") becomes

The third and final way you can use the x in Spanish slang is to replace . For example, mucho becomes and chau becomes .

Abbreviations

In English, we have FYI, LOL, ROFL and various other abbreviations. In Spanish, there are plenty of phrases that work in a similar way. Te quiero mucho becomes or for example.

A basic chat message might start like this:

In "normal Spanish," this means:

Have lots of in the middle while you chat about silly things and have fun. To "laugh" in Spanish, you can use , or .

An end to a chat might look something like this, assuming you guys like each other:

The "normal Spanish" translation for this one looks like:

You can also end a text with bst (which means besito or "little kiss" in English) and a scattering of emoticons won't hurt matters either.

It's important to note that some Spanish speakers, especially young people, may use the English phrases instead of the Spanish equivalent. For example, they might use LOL (laugh out loud) or OMG (oh my God) in their English forms, since most people already know what they mean in English.

Numbers Used in Spanish Text Slang

In English, we might end a text with "cul8r." We can also say something is gr8! The same concept of using letters for the way they sound applies to Spanish words.

For example, what do you think means? Salutwo? No, remember, that we're speaking Spanish here so 2 is pronounced dos. So salu2 means saludos!

There you go. You can now send greetings to people in your text messages.

Other phrases using numbers are:

You could end your text message with: Tqm xa 100pre. That would mean, te quiero mucho para siempre or "I love you forever." Or simply end with salu2, to play it a bit cooler.

Symbols Used in Spanish Text Slang

Symbols can also be used in fun ways to make phrases. If you want to say me da igual (I don't mind), for example, you could choose between MDI, me da = and . (Remember that = is pronounced igual in Spanish.)

The phrase más o menos is used a lot in Spanish to mean "so, so," "sort of" or "kind of." Mathematical symbols are used here ( más = plus, menos = minus) so the phrase becomes: " + 0 - " (Yes, you read that right.)

You might have also noticed that some Spanish speakers use the @ sign in words like amig@s or chic@s.

This isn't just to look cool, but rather it's a way of representing that the friends or people could be boys or girls, (where they'd usually be either amigos or amigas) and making Spanish more gender neutral. Got that, + o -?

You'll also notice that, to save space, the upside-down question and exclamation marks aren't used in Spanish text slang.

Practicing Spanish Slang in General

So there you have it! You should be able to impress your Spanish-speaking friends and bombard them with messages, hashtags and threads. And, of course, your text messages will be much shorter now.

Next on your list should be spoken slang. That's basically like audio text messages, right? Okay, maybe that's a stretch. But if you want to sound natural in Spanish, it's always a good idea to learn some common slang actually used by Spanish speakers.

One way to learn useful Spanish slang is on FluentU, where you can hear it used through Spanish videos like movie clips, music videos and vlogs.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere.Click here to get a copy. (Download)

And One More Thing...

If you've made it this far that means you probably enjoy learning Spanish with engaging material and will then love FluentU.

Other sites use scripted content. FluentU uses a natural approach that helps you ease into the Spanish language and culture over time. You'll learn Spanish as it's actually spoken by real people.

FluentU has a wide variety of videos, as you can see here:

FluentU brings native videos within reach with interactive transcripts. You can tap on any word to look it up instantly. Every definition has examples that have been written to help you understand how the word is used. If you see an interesting word you don't know, you can add it to a vocab list.

Review a complete interactive transcript under the Dialogue tab, and find words and phrases listed under Vocab.

Learn all the vocabulary in any video with FluentU's robust learning engine. Swipe left or right to see more examples of the word you're on.

The best part is that FluentU keeps track of the vocabulary that you're learning, and gives you extra practice with difficult words. It'll even remind you when it's time to review what you've learned. Every learner has a truly personalized experience, even if they're learning with the same video.

Start using the FluentU website on your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes or Google Play store. Click here to take advantage of our current sale! (Expires at the end of this month.)

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124 Spanish Text Slang Terms for Smooth Messaging (Plus Useful Tips) | FluentU Spanish Blog

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Spanish text slang has its own rules that are pretty similar to those of English. If you have a hard time deciphering those messages your Spanish-speaking friends send you or want to be able to communicate with them via social media, check out this post for a complete list of text slang in Spanish.

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Me interesa mucho que hay una lenguaje de señas espanol, según el libro. Quería aprender mas sobre la lenguaje de señas español porque es un tema que no es muy conocido en mi opinion. Pienso que es importante empezar con el alfabeto, y esta foto nos muestra el alfabeto con picturas. Es importante notar que hay letras para el sonidos de "CH" y la letra "ñ," y "LL" y "RR" simplemente son dobles de las letras "L" y "R." Muy interesante!

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Este video muestra una mujer hablando la lengua de Guarani. Guarani es una de las lenguas oficiales de Paraguay, y por eso, pienso que es importante que podemos escuchar la lengua. Es muy importante escuchar a la lengua en lugar de simplemente escucharlo. Este video nos permite hacer eso, y es muy interesante que una lengua como Guarani ha sobrevivido.

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Español de Argentina vs. Español de México

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Español de Argentina vs. Español de México

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Este video muestra algunos de las diferencias entre el español de México, que nosotros estamos muy familiarizados con, y el español de Argentina -- que no es tan familiar a nosotros. Este video es muy graciso, y pienso que es una herramienta que pueden hacer estudiando para el examen más divertido.

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Esta prueba del New York Times puede confirmar de donde eres por aprender las palabras diferentes usas para cosas diferentes. Un ejemplo es la distincion entre las palabras diferentes por un "median" en ingles. Es un ejemplo de como las isoglosas pueden ser muy representadas en nuestras vidas. Necesitas una cuenta para usar el sitio web -- pero vale la pena!

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What does the way you speak say about where you’re from? Answer all the questions below to see your personal dialect map.

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Cual NO es un ejemplo de los tipos de apedillos?

A. Occupacion
B. Geografia
C. De Religion
D. Descriptivo

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Algo confuso para mí era la diferencia entre la pragmatica vs. la semantica. Son muy similares, pero tienen diferencias que necesitamos saber para esta clase y un examen. Pienso que este video muestra la diferencia entre los dos y es muy breve. Por eso, es una herramienta excelente para estuediar para el examen.

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A Brief Introduction to Pragmatics vs  Semantics

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Me gusta esta diagrama porque explica mucho el concepto del deixis. Pienso que el deixis es un concepto muy raro para pensar, especialmente cuando estamos pensando de nuestros rasgos personales. Pero, esta diagrama es una buena representacion y pienso que la representacion visual ayuda crear un imagen en nuestras mente de un tema dificil.

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El libro habla mucho sobre los apedillos, y este articulo discute los tipos diferentes de apedillos en la lengua de español. Por ejemplo, los apedillos del primero nombre del padre or madre: sobre Dominguez que significa el hijo de Domingo. Un otro es los apedillos que relacionan a la geografia como Vega. Algunos apedillos relacionan con los trabajos -- como Alcaldo. Y por fin, algunos de los apedillos son descriptivos -- como Delgado.

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Ever wonder about Spanish surnames ("apellido" in Spanish) and how they came to be? Spanish surnames started being used in medieval times, when populations were growing and it became necessary to distinguish between individuals with the same given name.

The 10 most common Spanish surnames today cover about 20 percent of the population in Spain. Some originated from Germanic first names that were introduced in the country by the Visigoths during the 5th to 7th centuries, while others have Latin roots.

The 10 most common first surnames in Spain in 2013, according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, are:

1. García-1,459,677 (3.51%), Pre-Roman, Basque

2. Fernández-914,169 (2.2%), Germanic

3. González-912,511 (2.19%), from Germanic

4. Rodríguez-906,746 (2.18%), Germanic

5. López-858,736 (2.07%), Latin

6. Martínez-822,848 (1.98%), Latin

7. Sánchez-805,889 (1.94%), Latin

8. Pérez-767,962 (1.85%), Latin

9. Martín-489,357 (1.18%), Latin

10. Gómez-482,781 (1.16%), Germanic

People in countries with Hispanic surnames generally have two surnames today, a system that dates back to the upper classes in Castile in the 16th century.

For the most part, people now take the first of their father's two surnames and the first of the mother's two surnames as their own last name. Women sometimes add their husband's surname to the end of theirs or in place of their mother's surname, sometimes with a "de" between the two names. Therefore, a husband and wife generally have different sets of double surnames, as do their children.

In the past, however, Hispanic naming patterns were not as consistent. Sometimes, sons took the surname of their father, while daughters took that of their mother. The Castilian double surname naming system of the 16th century didn't become common throughout Spain until the 1800s.

When researching your pre-19th-century Spanish ancestors, therefore, remember that naming patterns then differed from naming patterns today.

Historically, Spanish surnames can typically be traced back to one of four types:

1. Patronymic & Matronymic. This type of surname started out as a way of distinguishing between two men with the same name by using a father's first name (patronymic) or a mother's given name (matronymic). Sometimes the parent's name was unchanged (as in Alonso, Vicente, and Garcia), but frequently it was used with an added suffix that meant "son of." These include -ez, -az, -is, -oz at the end of a Castilian or Spanish surname and -es, -as, -is, or -os with Portuguese names. Patronymic or matronymic names are some of the most common Hispanic surnames; some examples include Fernandez, "son of Fernando," or Gonzales, "son of Gonzalo."

These were not, at first, surnames that were passed down. In one generation, an individual might be Martin Perez (Martin, son of Pedro). His son would be Juan Martinez (Juan, son of Martin). Eventually, these patronymic names became fixed surnames that passed down in the family through the generations.

Some other names of this sort include:

Dominguez-son of Domingo

Hernandez-son of Hernando

Lopez-son of Lope

Ramirez-son of Ramiro

Ruiz-son of Ruy or Roy

Suarez-son of Suero

Velazquez-son of Velasco

Velez-son of Vela

2. Geographic. This type of Hispanic last name tells you something about where the first person to take the name came from, or where their homestead was. Someone named Aguilar may have originally lived near an eagle's nest; the name refers to a "haunt for eagles." Other common geographic surnames of this type include Medina and Oyarzun (both place names), Navarro ("from Navarre"), Serrano (meaning "highlander"), and still other geographic surnames refer to features of the landscape where a family lived, such as Vega ("meadow"), Mendoza ("cold mountain"), Morales ("blackberry groves"), Torres ("towers"), and Iglesias ("churches"). Some include the suffix "de" to indicate "of" or "from" a place, such as Del Olmo ("from the elm tree") and Davila (from "d'Avila," meaning "from the town of Avila").

3. Occupational. Sometimes a surname that denoted a person's job or trade was tacked on to a person's given name. Felipe Vicario, for instance, was Felipe the vicar. Some other common occupational surnames:

Alcaldo-mayor

Barbero-barber

Cabrero-goatherder

Cantor-singer

Cavallero-horseman, knight

Corredor-runner

Herrera/Herrero-ironworker, smith

Hidalgo-nobelman

Marin-from the Latin "Marinus," meaning sailor

Marques-marquis

Molinero-miller

Romero-pilgrim

Torrero-bullkeeper, fighter

Zapatero-shoemaker

4. Descriptive. This type of surname was based on a quality or physical feature of the person.

Bravo-brave

Cano-grey

Cola-tall

Cortes-courteous

Delgado-thin

Garza (heron)-long legged

Grand-large

Moreno-brown haired, tan

Orejon-big ear

Rubio-blonde

-Leslie Lang Find out what your last name means. Start a free trial today.

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4 Types of Spanish Surnames: Which One Is Yours? - Ancestry Blog

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Ever wonder about Spanish surnames ("apellido" in Spanish) and how they came to be? Spanish surnames started being used in medieval times, when populations were growing and it became necessary to distinguish between individuals with the same given name. The 10 most common Spanish surnames today cover about 20 percent of the population in Spain.

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Este video es una muy buena herramienta para entender los actos de habla. Pienso que los actos de habla son algo muy dificil para entender porque normalmente no pensamos sobre la significa de nuestras palabras (en ingles) -- simplemente lo decimos. Me gusta que este video porque nos da muchos ejemplos de otros verbos que representan actos de habla, como denunciar, prometer, halagar, jurar, aconsejar, felicitar, insultar, y calificar.

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En este video, un hombre pronuncia  Castellano de la epóca medieval. Está leyendo algunas de las tiradas del "Poema de Mio Cid." Me gusta este video mucho porque pienso que las palabras son muy diferentes que el español que estoy familiarizada con como una estudiante de la lengua. Es interesante escuchar a un hispanohablante nativo hablar Castellano medieval.

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An approximation to 13th century medieval Castilian pronunciation. I read the first two 'tiradas' from the 'Poema de Mio Cid'. Una aproximación a la pronunciación del castellano medieval del siglo 13, a través de la lectura de las primeras dos tiradas del 'Poema de Mio Cid'.

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El tema de dobletes lingüisticos es un tema que me interesa mucho y quería leer más sobre el tema. Yo encontré el blog del autor de nuestro libro, Jane Hochberg. En su sitio web, ella habla sobre la pregunta si, según su blog, "
"¿Las palabras antiguas cambiaron de significado, creando así brechas que hicieron necesarios los nuevos préstamos, o la presión de los nuevos préstamos empujó las palabras más antiguas a un nuevo territorio semántico?" Ella pensaba que el último es la posibilidad más probable.

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My current research and writing topic is doublets: word pairs from a single Latin root. These typically pair an older word that has been passed down orally from Vulgar Latin with a newer Latin borrowing dating from the 13th century or later. The older word shows the wear and tear of time in its form and meaning, while the newer word remains closer to the shared Latin root. Some examples are shown below.

Pairs like these raise an interesting chicken-or-egg question. Did the older words shift in meaning, thus creating gaps that made the new borrowings necessary, or did the pressure of the new borrowings push the older words into new semantic territory? My usual gods are silent on the subject. Ralph Penny merely notes that "the popular form [is] associated with changed meaning] (p. 40); Steven Dworkin likewise refers to "semantically differentiated sets". There is a 1989 monograph on doublets by Belén Gutierrez that I need to track down and plow through, but I have no idea whether he addresses the chronology question.

I'd put my money on the egg - that is, the latter of the two possibilities I outlined just above. Focusing on the forma/horma example, it strikes me as unlikely that Spanish would develop a gap for a concept as basic as 'form'. It's more likely that forma was brought in as a cultivated word, as was common starting in the late 13th century, and that the two forms co-existed for some time, but in different registers (e.g. formal and informal speech), much as older llama 'flame' and newer flama still do today, until horma was pushed out into its current specialized territory.

But the only way to know is to analyze actual documentary evidence, for example from CORDE, and look for shifts in meaning over time. This would make a great dissertation if nobody has ever done it!

For more posts on this blog about doublets, please use the search field.

This entry was posted in From Latin to Spanish and tagged doublets, Latin, Spanish on by .

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My current research and writing topic is doublets: word pairs from a single Latin root. These typically pair an older word that has been passed down orally from Vulgar Latin with a newer Latin borrowing dating from the 13th century or later.

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Este video es muy interesante para mi. Explica que la lengua de español casi era la lengua del mundo. Según el video, el hecho que Inglaterra destruyó los espanoles durante la armada española. La derrota destruyó el poder de España y es la razon que muchas personas hablan ingles hoy en dia, y no español. Este video es un otro ejemplo de la influencia de la historia en la evolución de una lengua.

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How Spanish, not English, was nearly the world's language | John Lewis Gladdis

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Algo que me confundió era las diferencias entre los tipos de latin. Nunca en mi vida he estudiado latin, y pensaba que solo hay un tipo de latin. Pero, latin es la origen de español, y por eso, es muy importante entender las diferencias entre los tipos diferentes de latin para entender la historia de espa˜

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Latin is a classical language that belongs to the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. Though many think of Latin as a dead language, it is still used in certain ecclesiastical contexts, is taught in schools and can be heard in Romance languages spoken today. In our next two blog posts we will explore the development of Latin through history, the different forms it has taken and the ways in which it still has an impact today. The various stages in the development of this language are conventionally classified as Old Latin, Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin, Medieval Latin, Renaissance Latin, New Latin and Contemporary Latin: we will follow this sequence in our next blog posts, looking at Old Latin, Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin and Medieval Latin today, and the other three forms next week. While we will not go deeply into any of these forms, we hope to write further on specific forms of Latin on this blog in the future.
Old Latin
The Collins English Dictionary define Old Latin as the Latin language before the classical period, up to about 100BC, though elsewhere, such as on Rome Across Europe, it is defined as the Latin used before 75BC. In their detailed post on Old Latin, Rome Across Europe note that while there were some differences in spelling between Old Latin and Classical Latin, pronunciation was essentially the same. In 2011 it was declared that the Fibula Prenestina, a gold pin engraved with an inscription, is the earliest known example of Old Latin, dating from the Orientalizing period towards the first half of the seventh century - you can read more about this discovery here. Surviving inscriptions of Old Latin are written in various forms of the Etruscan alphabet as it evolved into the Latin alphabet.
Classical Latin
Classical Latin is defined by Oxford Dictionaries as the Latin language of the classical period of ancient Roman literature. The Latin that is taught today is inspired by Classical Latin and its grammar: Brittanica note that Classical Latin had six regularly used cases in the declension of nouns and adjectives (nominative, vocative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative) and had traces of a locative case in some declensional classes of nouns. In his introduction McKeown reminds us that this was primarily a written language that was fairly homogeneous across Latin-speaking regions during the period 80 BC to 120 AD; while spoken Latin varied according to the region in which it was spoken, written Latin remained largely the same at this time.
Vulgar Latin
Defined by Collins English Dictionary as 'any of the dialects of Latin spoken in the Roman Empire other than classical Latin', Vulgar Latin is the language from which Romance languages developed. Classical and Vulgar Latin co-existed, though while the former was primarily written, the latter was the everyday language of Latin-speaking people who lived in the Roman Empire. Zdravko Batzarov, writing for Orbilat, estimates that by the time the Roman Empire fell there were between 15 and 20 million speakers of Vulgar Latin and that by 600 there were so many local forms of Vulgar Latin that different languages, which we now call Romance languages, were beginning to form. Very few examples of Vulgar Latin have survived given that it was primarily a spoken language and philologists rely on graffiti and mistakes or quoted spoken language in examples of Classical Latin that have survived to reconstruct the language.
Medieval Latin
Merriam-Webster define this kind of Latin as the Latin used for liturgical and literary purposes from the 7th to the 15th centuries. The Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources emphasises that Medieval Latin was not simply the language of the Christian Church, but one which had a variety of uses. For a comprehensive bibliographical guide of work on Medieval Latin please see here.

In next week's post we'll be looking more closely at Renaissance Latin, New Latin and Contemporary Latin so be sure to check back in a week's time for more information about these more recent forms of Latin.

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What are the different kinds of Latin? Part 1 - Linguisticator

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Latin is a classical language that belongs to the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. Though many think of Latin as a dead language, it is still used in certain ecclesiastical contexts, is taught in schools and can be heard in Romance languages spoken today.

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Como una persona que no es una hablante nativa de español, no sé cuando el uso de se es inherente o reflexivo. Este sitio web nos muestra una lista de palabras que tiene el "se." Pienso que este sitio es muy útil porque va a ayudarnos distinquir entre los usos de se.

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Cuando aprendimos sobre los usos de se en la clase, yo estaba muy confundida con la diferencia entre se de la voz pasiva y se personal. Ya sé que el se personal solo está utilizado con verbos singulares, pero no sé más que eso. Este sitio web explica la diferencia entre los dos y yo sé que va a ser una herramienta útil cuando estudio para el examen.

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Spanish Grammar Articles and Lessons | SpanishDict

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Expert articles and interactive video lessons on how to use the Spanish language. Learn about 'por' vs. 'para', Spanish pronunciation, typing Spanish accents, and more.

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El Cambio en el Significado de los Adjetivos

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El Cambio en el Significado de los Adjetivos

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Esta tabla muestra el cambio en el significado de los adjetivos dependiendo de si están detrás o delante del sustantivo. En muchos casos, el cambio en el significado es muy drástico -- por ejemplo "same" y "self" por la palabra "mismo." Cuando estaba aprendiendo español por primera vez, pensaba que los adjetivos solo pueden seguir los sustantivos y cuando yo aprendí que pueden vienen delante del sustantivo, era un tema muy complicado para mi.

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Este video habla sobre "la personal A" en español. Cuando el objeto directo en una oración es una persona, tiene una "A" delante. El hombre en el video trata explicar "la personal A" en el perspectivo de un gringo. Pero, en este caso, "la personal A" no tiene una contraparte en ingles. Pienso que este video es una buena explicación por un concepto muy extraño para mi como hablante nativa de español.

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The Personal A in Spanish - How to Use It & When to Use It

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Cuando hicimos la actividad en nuestros grupos, hablamos sobre el concepto de una jeringonza, que es un juego con las palabras en muchas partes de America Latina. Este video muestra una jeringonza con un hombre que es de Colombia. La jeringonza me interesa mucho porque agrega un ritmo divertido a la lengua.

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Jeringonza with Carlos Balanta "Baterimba"

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El libro habla sobre las diferencias entre el futuro y la condicional y los otros tiempos en español y dice que muchas de las diferencias vienen de latin. En mi clase de SPN328C, aprendemos sobre la influencia de los moors y el arabe en la lengua. Este sitio web muestra esta influencia. Por ejemplo, la palabra "azúcar" viene de la palabra "as-sukkar" en arabe.

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Spanish Grammar Articles and Lessons | SpanishDictionary.com

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Expert articles and interactive video lessons on how to use the Spanish language. Learn about 'por' vs. 'para', Spanish pronunciation, typing Spanish accents, and more.

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Nuevas Palabras en la lengua, según la RAE

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Nuevas Palabras en la lengua, según la RAE

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Este articulo habla sobre algunas de las nuevas palabras que han sido agregado a la lengua. Muchas de estas palabras tienen origenes en ingles. Por ejemplo, la palabra "clicar" (como la palabra "to click" en ingles) ha sido aumentado a la lengua. Este articulo es un buen ejemplo de la clase abierta de palabras.

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The latest edition of Spain's most prestigious dictionary has been released (link in Spanish). And it has a lot of English in it.

Every new dictionary release comes with a host of additions-new words, definitions, and meanings that reflect how language has changed since the previous update. Like language arbiters in many countries, the organization that oversees the official dictionary, the Real Academia Española (RAE), is protective of its native tongue, and fears Spanish will be diluted by the addition of too many foreign words.

That is especially true of English words. Thanks to Hollywood, the default use of English in science and technology, and globalization in general, English words are widespread in Spanish. Try as it might, the RAE can't stop Spanish speakers from saying "gángster" or "hacker" in everyday speech.

But sometimes, a usage becomes so common that the RAE has to relent, allowing an Anglicism into its pages. "Hacker" was added a few years ago. The RAE might try to change the spelling, though-"tuit," meaning "tweet," was added recently. Here are the RAE's English additions, and English-derived words, this time around:

The most notable:

ataché: This incorporates both the French meaning of attaché as a diplomatic functionary, and the American usage of attaché case.

clic: A click, as on a computer.

clicar: To click, as on a computer.

cliquear: Alternate spelling of "clicar."

cliqueo: The action of clicking.

container: This entry uses the English spelling as-is, and refers to either a general container or specifically a shipping container.

cracker: Information pirate.

fair play: Also included as-is, with the English meaning.

posverdad: From the English "post-truth," meaning "a deliberate distortion of reality."

The scientific:

New definitions for the word "English":

The RAE has added two amusing definitions for the word "inglés," meaning "English," itself.

inglés: Related to humor: Characterized by the sharp irony and concealed sarcasm attributed to the English.

inglés: Related to punctuality: Rigorous, exact.

In a press conference announcing the new edition, RAE director Darío Villanueva mentioned several "unnecessary" English terms that would not make it into the dictionary: black Friday, take away, save the date, dress code, prime time, streaming, product manager, and community manager. They already have Spanish equivalents, he says.

Villanueva also noted, "The Academy is not against the incorporation of foreign terms, though we are concerned with the excessive and unnecessary use of English words."

Have a look at all the new additions here (pdf).

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The English words Spain begrudgingly added to its dictionary this year

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The latest edition of Spain's most prestigious dictionary has been released (link in Spanish). And it has a lot of English in it. Every new dictionary release comes with a host of additions-new words, definitions, and meanings that reflect how language has changed since the previous update.

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Palabras que Cambian Significancia con Genero 

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Palabras que Cambian Significancia con Genero 

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Esta table muestra algunas palabras que cambian su significancia con un cambio en su genero. Esta me interesa mucho porque el concepto que palabras tienen genero es muy "raro" cuando consideramos ingles. En muchos casos, según la tabla, la significa de la palabra cambia completamente. Por ejemplo, el cometa es la roca en el espacio que vuela pero la cometa es como "a kite" en ingles.

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a. sistema de reglas para hablar español
b. la institucion que crear las reglas para español
c. sistema de notación fonetica
d. el alfabeto

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Mientras esta dibuja es muy simple, pienso que muestra la significancia de los acentos en la lengua del español. Los acentos pueden cambiar el significado de una palabra, y puede ser muy dificil para todos los hablantes de español, incluyendo hablantes nativos. En comparación con ingles, es muy interesante que alguien muy menor puede tener un gran significancia.

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En clase, había mucha confusión cuando aprendimos sobre la fonetica y los alofonos. IPA es el "International Phonetic Alphabet" y es una sistema de notación fonetica. Este video muestra el alfabeto con sus alafonos correspondientes. Pienso que va a ser una herramienta muy útil cuando estamos estudiando para el examen.

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Este sitio es de un patólogo del habla. Ella habla sobre las maneras en las que una persona puede aprender de hacer el sonido de "rr." Ella tiene dos tecnicas para sus estudiantes para aprender el "rr." Uno es imitar el sonido del motor de un carro. Un otro es hacer un "raspberry" en su mano.

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Learning how to produce the Spanish flap R and the trilled RR can be hard, but it's not impossible. I learned how to produce both Spanish R sounds when I first started learning Spanish in eighth grade - so it's possible to learn them "late." The only thing standing in your way or your students' way is practicing (and not worrying about sounding dumb).

One caveat is that it's extremely hard to learn if you have low muscle tone. This is part of why it's a struggle for students in speech therapy since many of them have issues with muscle tone. The reason is that any movement with the tongue is a fine motor movement and you need to have the strong core muscles to be able to correctly produce it.

One of the strategies I use to teach both the Spanish R sounds is to remind the student to anchor the back of their tongue to the their upper back teeth. Another placement cue for both of the R sounds I give them is to elevate their tongue tip.
The Spanish Flap R
Learning to produce the Spanish flap R is easier if you or your student speaks American English. That's because it's present in American English! The words "butter," "butter," "water," and "ladder" have the flap sound in the medial (middle) position. So if you can get the student to transfer their ability to produce that sound in English to Spanish words that have medial R, you or your student will successfully acquire this sound!

However, a monolingual Spanish speaker will have to learn this sound from scratch. I still use the English words to drill my students as almost nonsense words to help them start practicing what their tongue needs to do. Words that have the flap R in Spanish are "pera" (pear), "mira" (look), "para" (for), and "pero" (but). It's medial R (R in the middle position of words).

The flap R is also called the "tapped" R because the tongue goes up and down tapping the alveolar ridge ever so slightly. In comparison with the trilled R, most students acquire the flap R more readily because it's not quite as tough.
The Spanish Trilled RR
First let me just describe what I mean by the Spanish trill. It is written as RR in Spanish when it's in the middle of a word like "perro." The Spanish RR also is always present in the initial position of a word like "ratón." It is also present when it is next to N like "Enrique."

What I'm doing with my tongue is forcing air over it so that it vibrates high in my mouth. Like I said before, the back of my tongue is anchored to my back teeth - that's important.

Similar to eliciting an English R, making lengthy motor or car noises. It's also a great way to get students to loosen up their tongue.

Another technique is blowing a raspberry on your hand and then adding your your voice and then your tongue kind of gets involved. It's great fun for kids!

One of the creative ways I've been successful in eliciting the Spanish trill is in a context where it normally doesn't occur. For example, the word "brazo." It's weird that I have elicited RR in a blend where it does not normally occur. My advice is to try it in a blend and just over-exaggerate it.

I'd love to hear your tips for eliciting the Spanish flap R and the trilled RR! Thanks for reading! 🙂

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How to Teach the Spanish Flap R and the Trilled RR - Speech is Beautiful

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Learning how to produce the Spanish flap R and the trilled RR can be hard, but it's not impossible. I learned how to produce both Spanish R sounds when I first started learning Spanish in eighth grade - so it's possible to learn them "late."

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Este articulo habla sobre el "shush" de Argentina y Uruguay.  Una pregunta es "de donde es el shush?", pero no hay una repuesta concreta -- pero alguien dice que el shush vino con inmigrantes. Un aspecto interesante del articulo es la sección que discute el perspectivo del español de Argentina: muchos hispanohablantes piensan que el español de Argentia no es español real.

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It's a common anecdote among visitors to Argentina and Uruguay, including Spanish speakers, that what they hear coming from people's mouths has little or no relation to the newly-acquired Spanish phrasebook they have clutched in their hand.

"Hola! Me shamo Pablo. Vos querés ir a la plasha?" (Hello, I'm Pablo - do you want to go to the beach?)

Shamo? Plasha? One of the strongest identifying traits of Argentine and Uruguayan Spanish is their way of turning the 'y' and 'll' sound into a 'sh,' thoroughly confusing tourists who worry they're being passive-aggressively shushed by the locals. But how did this come about and what social implications does it have among those who use it and the rest of the Spanish-speaking community?

When a llama is actually a yama

First, let's take a quick look at the Spanish language as a whole. Almost all of the 437 million native Spanish speakers across the world use yeísmo;the phenomenon of using the same sound for 'y' and 'll.'

@SantiagoLeonel4 #RAEconsultas El yeísmo (no rehilado) es propio de la mayoría de los hispanohablantes, también de los españoles.
- RAE (@RAEinforma) May 8, 2014

However, the quality of the sound varies hugely from place to place. Peninsular Spain likes to keep it as a simple /j/ sound, which is pronounced like the 'y' in yellow. This is perhaps why "cultured" individuals might like to show off in Spanish restaurants by ordering paella as ' paeya' instead of a more gringo-sounding 'pie-eller.'

Colombians, on the other hand, emphasize their 'y' and 'll' by using a stronger /dʒ/, like the 'dge' sound in fudge, and as we've seen, Argentines (and Uruguayans) use a /ʃ/ (sh) or /ʒ/ (voiced sh) sound, called yeísmo rehilado /ʒ/ or ensordecido /ʃ/.

Contrary to popular belief, this yeísmo rehilado does not extend across the entirety of Argentina. Often called Rio Plata Spanish, the pronunciation stems from urban hubs such as Buenos Aires and Montevideo, along the east side of Argentina and spills down across the entirety of Patagonia. Other areas have stronger influences from native languages, such as Guaraní in the interior of the country and Quechua in the north, and in many of these areas a more traditional /j/ sound is used.

Due to the huge swathes of sparsely-inhabited land separating Buenos Aires and Montevideo from the rest of the continent's capital cities, the /ʃ/ (sh) or /ʒ/ (voiced sh) sounds have been encapsulated in the Rio Plata region. But what about Rio Plata made the creation of a whole new sound possible?

The origin of yeísmo rehilado is a complex and, as yet, unanswered question, although many attribute it to the massive influx of immigration that hit the country around the 1880s. As there are no recordings of the Argentine accent at this time, academics have had to use indirect sources, such as spelling confusions in writing, to understand when it began.

According to German Linguist Katharina Link's 2009 study, Argentina's peculiar shushing habit began at the end of the 18th century, but was directly referred to at the beginning of the 19th when it had already pervaded into high culture spaces like the theatre.

"There are some [theatre actors] that, when pronouncing llanto, batalla and other words with ll, it seems as if they're pronouncing a half-liquid but prolonged ch; they say chchchanto, batachchcha, etc. We cannot find any other way of writing this extremely depraved pronunciation." (Mensajero Argentino, 6-VI-1826)

Much of Buenos Aires' architecture is influenced by European immigration. Photo courtesy of Pixabay

Another scathing report of Argentine Spanish was made by British traveller Alexander Caldcleugh, who wrote in his 1825 book Travels in South America that Buenos Aires residents spoke "anything but pure Castilian." He added that "many of the words in most common use are sadly altered from their true pronunciation. Cavallo is pronounced Cavadjo, Calle Cadje, and yo jo."

Influences that could have created this pronunciation could very well stem from immigration; French, Portuguese, Italian and Galician were all spoken in the area at the end of the 19th century. Some accents in Portuguese have the /ʃ/ (sh) or /ʒ/ (voiced sh) sounds, and these could have spread over the Uruguayan border or across the Atlantic.

In the 19th century, the /ʒ/ (voiced sh) was more prevalent, but as time passed, more examples of an unvoiced /ʃ/ (sh) sound came to light. Link suggests that loan words from French, such as champagne and chef, could have introduced this sound which is not inherent to most dialects of Spanish.

Studies by Link and a 2016 study by Uruguayans Germán Canale and Magdalena Coll both noted that this softer unvoiced /ʃ/ (sh) was "unquestionably" adopted and popularised by women, primarily those from lower social classes. Studies from the 1970s also showed a continued, although reduced, discrepancy between male and female use of the /ʃ/ (sh) sound, suggesting that linguistic development is still underway.

Social attitudes towards shushing

In the early 1800s, Argentina's yeísmo rehilado was described as "extremely depraved" or "sadly altered from its true pronunciation," but surely we've come a long way from then? Well, yes and no.

According to a study on attitudes towards Argentine pronunciation by Gabriela Lull and Carolina Pinardi, 60% of those surveyed rejected the idea of a universal Spanish, however, 20% said that "true" peninsular Spanish pronunciation should be imposed, being as it is "the mother language."

Even today, you'll hear people saying "Argentines don't speak real Spanish." This isn't necessarily only due to the accent however, as Argentina is littered with nation-specific slang, boasts unique intonation habits, and baffles Europeans with a widespread use of vos instead of tú. Despite all this, the traditional view that true Spanish comes direct from Europe has been slow to fade.

Leonel Flores - Is the pronunciation correct when Argentines say mishon instead of Millon? RAE - Yeísmo Rehilado is an identifying trait of this area, that shouldn't be censured.
The Royal Academy of Spanish (RAE) only first allowed yeísmo rehilado as a legitimate way to pronounce the language in their 2011 edition of "New Grammar of the Spanish Language: Phonetics and Phonology," just under 300 years after the RAE was founded.

@SantiagoLeonel4 #RAEconsultas El yeísmo rehilado es un rasgo propio del habla de esa área, que no cabe censurar.
- RAE (@RAEinforma) May 9, 2014

On top of that, a 2013 study by Link asked Argentines to read a list of words containing those pesky 'y's' and 'll's.' According to Link, various individuals asked if they should read it as they normally say it, "or as it really is," while others pronounced it with a peninsular Spanish accent, as if they were genuinely ashamed of their natural pronunciation.

Phonetic symbols such as /dʒ/, /ʃ/, /j/ and /ʒ/ have not been used in all cases for the reader's ease.
However, on the streets of Argentina today, it's hard to feel any of the the residual dust of two-century-old European judgement, and residents are justly orgoshosos (proud) of their accent. An accent isn't just a way of speaking, affirmed Coll, linguistic investigator and teacher of Uruguayan Spanish at Berkeley University, it incorporates "the cultural values of a population."

Argentines have dulce de leche, mate, and incredible steak...and their accent is just another - albeit non-edible - way for them to express their culture and identity, something they should be orgoshosos about.

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What's really behind the Argentine shush? - Argentina Reports

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It's a common anecdote among visitors to Argentina and Uruguay, including Spanish speakers, that what they hear coming from people's mouths has little or no relation to the newly-acquired Spanish phrasebook they have clutched in their hand. "Hola! Me shamo Pablo. Vos querés ir a la plasha?"

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Algo muy interesante en este capítulo para mí es el concepto de afasia. El video que miramos nos muestra un tipo de aphasia, pero hay muchas formas de aphasia. Para mí, un visual es muy útil. Este diagrama muestra las formas de aphasia y las diferentes caracteristicas de cada forma y la manera en la que la afasia se presenta en un ser humano.

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Cuando aprendimos sobre la filosofía de la lengua, hablamos sobre la teoría de Noam Chomsky que la adquisición de una lengua es algo innato y las lenguas criollas son evidencia de eso. No sé mucho sobre las lenguas criollas, y por eso, yo quería aprender más sobre más lenguas criollas, y mi busqueda me trajo a este mapa que muestra las locaciones y origines de muchas lenguas criollas.

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Video: Adolescente Habla Más que 20 Idiomas

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Video: Adolescente Habla Más que 20 Idiomas

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En este video, Tim Doner, quien puede hablar más que viente lenguas, discute su capacidad de aprender muchas idiomas. Puede hablar lenguas como hebreo a farsi a francés. Para mí, este ejemplo sirve como un ejemplo de alguien que puede superar los desafios de aprender otras lenguas tarde en la vida, como discutido en el video del TED Talk y pregunta 34 en el libro.

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La RAE moderniza las definiciones de ‘periodista’ y ‘periodismo’

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La RAE moderniza las definiciones de ‘periodista’ y ‘periodismo’

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Resumen: La RAE ha cambiado las definiciones de las palabras "periodista" y "periodismo" para incluir  periodistas que trabajan en una manera digital y periodistas que "freelance." Este cambio fue solicitado por el periodista Ramón Salaverría. Este artículo se relaciona a este capítulo porque muestra el proceso en el que la RAE puede cambiar las reglas de español.

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La Real Academia Española ( RAE) ha modificado la definición de ' periodista' y ' periodismo' en la última edición del diccionario digital, tres años después de que el periodista Ramón Salaverría enviara una petición formal a la institución en la que consideraba "improcedente" mantener la definición "obsoleta".

En la primera acepción se definía a este profesional como 'persona legalmente autorizada para ejercer el periodismo'. La segunda acepción identificaba como 'periodista' a quienes practican el periodismo en un periódico o en un medio audiovisual, excluyendo tanto a quienes lo ejercen en medios digitales como a los periodistas 'freelance' que lo practican de manera autónoma. Este cambio también fue solicitado por Salaverría.

Tras esta última actualización, la RAE define al periodista como la 'persona que se dedica al periodismo (actividad profesional)', y al periodismo como la 'actividad profesional que consiste en la obtención, tratamiento, interpretación y difusión de informaciones a través de cualquier medio escrito, oral, visual o gráfico', y los 'estudios o carrera de periodismo'.

"¿Quién es periodista? Obvio: toda persona que se dedica al periodismo. Con esta rotunda simplicidad ha resuelto, por fin, redefinir el término 'periodista' la Real Academia Española, en una de las 2.451 modificaciones al Diccionario de la Lengua Española que acaba de divulgar", ha destacado el profesor en una publicación en su blog.

Nuevas definiciones de la RAE para 'periodista' y 'periodismo' (RAE)

Para Salaverría, la anterior definición de periodista era un " despropósito " ya que, en su opinión, "restringir la categoría de periodista apenas a quienes trabajan en periódicos o medios audiovisuales sonaba bastante anticuado".

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La RAE moderniza las definiciones de 'periodista' y 'periodismo'

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La Real Academia Española ( RAE) ha modificado la definición de ' periodista' y ' periodismo' en la última edición del diccionario digital, tres años después de que el periodista Ramón Salaverría enviara una petición formal a la institución en la que consideraba "improcedente" mantener la definición "obsoleta".