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Horses were the first animal I fell in love with, and that is the main reason I choose this species. I love how horses have different personalities; like stubbornness or, on the other hand, loving. In my opinion, horses can be hard to tame or get them used to human interactions. But, once it is over that scared or stubborn phase, the experiences with that horse become memorable. There is a connection I feel with horses that makes me feel good about what I am doing. When I am with a horse, I feel like he/she is listening to me because when I talk, they flip their ears towards me. I feel like horses are great best friends and I want to learn more about their behavior.

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#3 Research study linking behavior to genetics

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#3 Research study linking behavior to genetics

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Please, scroll down to page 237 & 238. This section of the book explained a study on temperament done on 136 two year old thoroughbred horses. To get the best results, the horses were at the same level of training, same location, and had the same people caring for them. In collecting blood samples, DNA analysis showed two differences in the horse temperaments. In one form of polymorphisms, the horse had higher curiosity. And in the other form, the horse had lower vigilance about its surroundings.

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Behavior is shaped by both genetics and experience--nature and nurture. This book synthesizes research from behavioral genetics and animal and veterinary science, bridging the gap between these fields. The objective is to show that principles of behavioral genetics have practical applications to agricultural and companion animals.

The continuing domestication of animals is a complex process whose myriad impacts on animal behavior are commonly under-appreciated. Genetic factors play a significant role in both species-specific behaviors and behavioral differences exhibited by individuals in the same species. Leading authorities explore the impact of increased intensities of selection on domestic animal behavior. Rodents, cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, herding and guard dogs, and poultry are all included in these discussions of genetics and behavior, making this book useful to veterinarians, livestock producers, laboratory animal researchers and technicians, animal trainers and breeders, and any researcher interested in animal behavior.

Includes four new chapters on dog and fox behavior, pig behavior, the effects of domestication and horse behavior

Synthesizes research from behavioral genetics, animal science, and veterinary literature

Broaches fields of behavior genetics and behavioral research

Includes practical applications of principles discovered by behavioral genetics researchers

Covers many species ranging from pigs, dogs, foxes, rodents, cattle, horses, and cats

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Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals

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Behavior is shaped by both genetics and experience--nature and nurture. This book synthesizes research from behavioral genetics and animal and veterinary science, bridging the gap between these fields. The objective is to show that principles of behavioral genetics have practical applications to agricultural and companion animals.

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This chart shows heritability estimates on a level of average and individual in stallions and in mares. The riding ability and character/temperament were measured. These two traits can effect economically because horse owners use their horses for competitions and if the horse has a low temperament or riding ability, they will likely not make much money for the horse owner.

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The following article states how in 2 or 3 days a horse is already searching around its mom.

Corp-Minamiji, Christy. “Young Horse Development: Birth to Six Months – The Horse.” The Horse, 1 Feb. 2011, thehorse.com/150637/young-horse-development-birth-to-six-months/.

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When a horse sees a farrier (neutral stimuli) for the first time, there is no response. The unconditioned stimuli is feeling pain and the unconditioned response is the horse avoiding to get hurt. Once the farrier starts putting shoes on and evoking pain to the horse, the farrier becomes the conditioned stimulus and the horse refusing to lift leg for the farrier is the conditioned response.

https://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/MPR/8131G/equine/Behaviour/Training/ClassicalConditioning.htm

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Visual: horses tend to pull back their ear when they are angry or about to charge.
Auditory: horses neigh to communicate to other horses where they are located.
Tactile: a mother horse and foal join muzzles to say hello or show love.
Chemical/smell: horses smell each others muzzle or rear to determine if they recognize each other and sex of that animal.

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A horse has a sensory bias to be mounted on the left side. Mounting on different sides has a different meaning to the horse. So if mounted for the right side, the horse might get aroused or uncomfortable because he is associating that side with something other than the typical routine.

Jones, Carlye. “Proper Side to Mount & Dismount a Horse.” Animals - Mom.me, 21 Nov. 2017, animals.mom.me/proper-side-mount-dismount-horse-3792.html.

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Behaving in the inspection chute:
A positive reinforcement used is giving the horse a treat.
A negative reinforcement used is getting untied and removing of its harness.
Misbehaving in the inspection chute:
A positive punishment is adding reins to have better control of the horse.
A negative punishment is not receiving treats during or after being in inspection chute.

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"In small herds linear hierarchies were formed, but in large herds triangular relationships were observed. Aggression was correlated with dominance rank."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304376278901177

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This female horse lifts its tail and has some genital discharge to show that it is in heat.

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Horse Dominance - Mare in Heat - Gelding Dropping - Knowing the Difference - Rick Gore Horsemanship

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This male horse is displaying the flehmen response, which is to sense the pheromones and hormone sensed from the female.

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These horses are showing agonistic behaviors. The chestnut color horse is showing dominance displays in biting. While the brown horse is showing submissive displays in lowering its head to the ground.

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1. After birth, a foal will roll on its sternum and break the sac that he came in.
2. The foal will try to stand for at least 30 minutes and at about 1 hour he will begin to walk.
3. A foal bangs its head on it's mother utter to stimulate milk let down.

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Horse eat when other horses do and they tend to more if the other horses eat with them. They also prefer to eat at ground level so they can see between their legs for any threats. The distance to a water source can affect the horses water intake. This can be a problem when temperatures are high

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Below is a word document attached with my behavior disorder.

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1.  A mare will lick the remaining membranes from its foal to dry its coat.
2. A mare usually stands and guides foal to teats
3. A mare will pin its ears back and charge at other horses near the mare and its foal.

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Below is an image of a welfare audit that could be used in the horse industry.