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Rise of Nationalism:
- Pride in people's homeland lead to many different disputes involving the markets and territory.
- Most of Europe's great powers such as Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.
- Increasing rivalries built tension throughout Europe

Imperialism and Militarism:
- European countries competed for colonies and growth on other continents which added to the already high tensions
- An arms race further progressed the nations into war because each country believed they needed to built a dominant army in case of war
Militarism: "The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war"

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Nations take Sides:
- Austria declares war on Serbia
- Russia mobilizes against Austria and Germany
- Germany declares war on Russia and France
- Britain declares war on Germany
- nations joined either the Central Powers or the Allies
- 1914, millions of soldiers marched off to war convince it would be short
Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary...later; Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia...later; Italy, and Japan

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Western Front:
The Conflict Grinds Along:
- Because the Germans faced a war on two fronts, hey had developed a strategy to win on both sides
- They planned to quickly take France since they had already reached near Paris in the beginning of the war
- Their plan was spoiled by the Allies during an attack at Marne which forced the Germans to retreat
- With the plan in ruins, Germany decided to send more troops east as the armies in the west were in a stalemate or deadlock

Schliefen Plan: Defeating the French quickly in thew west then rushing to fight off Russia in the East

War in the Trenches:
- A military strategy called Trench Warfare was developed as a way to protect soldiers from enemy fire
- The trenches were full of mud and dead soldiers
- the air was made bad from artillery and the land above was named "no mans land" due to the little probability that you would survive
Trench Warfare: Trenches built to protect soldiers from enemy fire

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Eastern Front: A stretch of land along the German-Russian border where fighting occurred
Early Fighting:
- Russia began aggressively, launching attacks on both Germany and Austria-Hungary
- Germany defeated the Russian invasion, forcing them to retreat and lose roughly 30,000 men
- Russia was originally beating Austria until eventually Austria got the upper hand and forced them our of their land

Russia Struggles:
- Because they were not yet industrialized, Russia struggled to find the proper amount of resources it needed to keep on fighting
- Their main asset was their numbers with which they kept refilling their ranks to fight off Germany
- The Allies struggled to establish supply lines to Russia due to the Central Powers controlling the waters
- However, Russia was able to keep the Germans busy so they couldn't send their entire force to the west

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Summarize the new weapons that developed during the course of WWI:
- The new weapons of WWI were made for mass destruction and did exactly that
- Machine guns could fire multiple rounds or ammo killing off swarms of enemies at a time
- Poisonous gases were also developed which could kill its victims through suffocation or blind them with its chemicals
- The development of tanks was another fascination as they could launch shells a far distance and had armour that could withstand bullets easily
- Perhaps the most distinctive German invention was the submarine or U-boat
- This underwater vessel could propel torpedoes (underwater missiles) at ships on the surface of the water causing them to sink s

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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts:
- Otto Von Bismarck used war to unite Germany between 1864-1871
- After declaring Germany as a "satisfied power," he attempted to bring peace to Europe by isolating France
- Formed alliances and treaties to isolate France
Triple Alliance: "Germany and Austria-Hungary...later, Italy joined"

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace:
- Kaiser Wilhelm II took charge of Germany, forced Bismarck to resign, and focused on revealing the power of Germany
- Wilhelm let his treaty with Russia lapse causing them to form an alliance with France
- Germany embarked on a mission to improve their navy which led Britain to sign a Entente with Russia and France
Kaiser Wilhelm II: Ruler of Germany
Triple Entente: Didn't assure that Britain would fight with France and Germany but that they would not fight against them

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A Restless Region:
- The Balkans was made up of various different ethnic groups
- The Ottoman Empire was losing control and different nations declared their independence from the empire
- Nationalism was big here so when Austria took two prospect countries from the Serbs, tensions rose and the Serbs were determined to get them back

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe:
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the new ruler of Austria, was assassinated along with his wife while on a trip to Bosnia by a 19 year old who was part of a secret society set out to rid Bosnia of Austrian rule
- Austria made a list of demands for the Serbs who wanted to negotiate some of them
- Austria was already set on war and along with Russia, began mobilization for war despite other nations efforts to convince them otherwise

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The Gallipoli Campaign:
- A strategic plan the Allies created to attack Dardanelles to provide them with a direct path to the capitol of the Ottoman Empire
- Then they could establish a route to send supplies to Russia
-  February 1915,  British, Australian, New Zealand, and French troops attacked but were repelled by Turkish forces and eventually gave up

Battles in Africa and Asia:
- Germany's colonial possessions were overrun in most places such as Africa, China, and the Pacific Islands
- many colonial countries of the French and British aided the Allies in battle or in labor
- Some felt they had no obligation while others felt that one day it would lead to their Independence

America Joins the Fight:
- Germany fell back to unrestricted submarine warfare and left 128 american citizens dead in their first attack
- despite warnings by the U.S. Germany sunk 3 more neutral ships
- Eventually, the U.S. joined the Allies after Germany requested an alliance with Mexico by offering to retake land the U.S. had conquered
unrestricted submarine warfare: When the German's ordered their submarines to shoot down, without warning, any ship in the British waters

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Governments Wage Total War:
- Each country was dedicated to winning the war
- Governments made adjustments to help support the war such as rationing and propaganda in favor of the war
-  Took control of factories and made orders of specific munitions or supplies for the war
total war: Where wartime government takes control of the economy
rationing: People could only purchase small amounts of what was needed for the war
propaganda: One-sided information designed to persuade, keep in support of the war

Women and the War:
- Governments required the help of women to build weapons, tend to soldiers, and take care of the country
- They also supplied the soldiers on the front lines and acted as nurses

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Russia Withdraws:
-  In March 1917, a shortage of supplies and other civil issues caused the Czar to step down and be replaced by a provisional Government
- later, a revolution overthrew the government and signed a truce with Germany ending Russia's involvement in the war

The Central Powers Collapse:
- The Central Powers planned for a final assault on France but their army was exhausted
- The Allies sensed this and with the fresh U.S. soldiers, made a counterattack forcing Bulgaria and The Ottoman Empire to surrender
- Eventually Germany turned against their leader ending the war

armistice: An agreement to cease fighting; a treaty

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General Notes:
- New technologies were introduced to enhance weapons
- The Great War brought about much destruction, wiping out almost an entire generation in Europe
- It also took a huge economic toll on Europe with about $338 billion in costs of the war
- The treaties after also brought about a new mentality among the countries and established more tension than peace and security

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Woodrow Wilson: A representative of the the United States
Georges Clemenceau: A representative from France

Wilson's Plan for Peace:
- January 1918, U.S. president created peace proposals
- The proposals limited military, freed waters and trade, and adjusted colonies to give them more independence
- More points were made about borderlines and called for an association of united nations
Fourteen Points: Series of peace proposals
self-determination: allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live

The Versailles Treaty:
- The French and British were concerned with national security and felt the proposals didn't secure peace
- Heated arguments eventually led to a compromise where a League of Nations was formed to keep the peace
- Germany was also punished by losing land and was forced to cover the costs of the war
- Their colonies were given up the the Allies until they deemed them capable of independence
Treaty of Versailles: The treaty signed to form a League of Nations and punish Germany for the war
League of Nations: Formed by nations of Europe focused on preserving peace

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The Creation of New Nations:
- A lot of countries were recognized as independent or newly formed nations out of the land taken from the Central Powers
- The Ottoman Empire dissolved into modern-day Turkey
- Russia also lost territory because they left the war early

"A Peace Built on Quicksand"
- The treaty did little to preserve peace
- America rejected the treaty and many other nations felt cheated or betrayed
- The Allies seemed to ignore cries for Independence from colonies and disguised their rule under mandates
- in the end, the treaty only temporarily preserved the peace