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Rise of Nationalism:
-helped propel Europe into war
-can serve as unifying force within country
-can cause competition among nations, with each wanting to overpower the other
-Europe's greatest powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France
-competition for land, material, and money

Imperialism and Militarism:
-imperialism helped set stage for war
-European countries competed for overseas empires, mistrust in one another deepened
-believed powerful military was needed in order to be truly great
-1914: all the Great Powers, except Britain, had large standing armies
-generals developed highly detailed plan for mobilization in case of war
-army made citizens feel patriotic

Militarism: The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war

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-Russia and Serbia are allies
- moved along its allies' borders (Germany and Russia-Austria borders)
-August 1: Germany took their mobilization as an act of war and immediately declared war on Russia
-Russia looked at France for help
-Germany declared war on France two days after declaring on Russia
-Great Britain declared war on Germany

Nations take Sides:
-mid August 1914: battle lines drawn
-Germany and Austria on one side (Central Powers)
- Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire would later join the Central Powers in the hopes of regaining lost territories
-On the other side were Great Britain, France, and Russia (Allied Powers)
-Japan joined the Allies within weeks
-Italy joined later (Triple Alliance member)
-Italy joined other side after accusing their former partners of unjustly starting the war
-late summer 1914: battle started. Thought it was short but much horror instead

Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary, because of their location in the heart of Europe

Allies: Great Britain, France, and Russia (aka Allied Powers)

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The Gallipoli Campaign:
-Feb. 1915: Allies strategy was to attack region of Ottoman Empire called Dardanelles
-thought they could take the capital and establish supply line for Russia
-British, Australian, French, New Zealand troops against Turkish
-May: Gallipoli turned into a bloody stalemate
-December: Allies gave up and left with 250,000 casualties

Battles in Africa and Asia:
-China: Japanese quickly overran German outposts and captured their pacific island colonies
-English and French: attacked Germany's four African possessions and got control of 3
-British and French: recruited subjects in their colonies
-troops and laborers came from India, South Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Algeria, Indochina
-Indian political leader Mohandas Gandhi supported Indian participation in the war

America Joins the Fight:
-1917: war focus shifted to seas
-Germans intensified submarine warfare
-January:  Germans said their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain
-Germans attempted this policy in May 1915 but got protest from USA President Wilson
-Germans returned to it 1917 and sank 3 American ships
-Feb Zimmermann note: Germans foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, sent telegraph to US saying it will help Mexico reclaim its land from US if Mexico will ally with Germany
-April 2, 1917: US declared war on Germany and sided with Allies. Felt bond with England

unrestricted submarine warfare:  Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain

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Woodrow Wilson: Big Four representative for US
Georges Clemenceau: Big Four representative for France

Wilson's Plan for Peace:
-January 1918: Wilson came up with peace proposals (Fourteen Points)
-4 points: an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas,free trade, and reduced national armies and navies
-5th point: adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples
-points 6-13: suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations
-point 14:  proposed a “general association of nations” that would protect “great and small states alike.”

Fourteen Points: fourteen ideas outlined in a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace
self-determination: allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live

The Versailles Treaty:
-Paris Peace Conference opened
-Britain and France didn't show they agreed to Wilson's proposals
-both nations wanted national security and to strip Germany of its war-making power
-June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed. Adopting Wilson’s fourteenth point, the treaty created a League of Nations. It also punished Germany
-Article 231 (Aka war guilt clause) placed much responsibility for the war on Germany
-Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies. All of Germany’s territories in Africa and the Pacific were declared mandates
-Allies would govern the mandates until they were judged ready for independence

Treaty of Versailles: between Germany and the Allied powers
League of Nations: was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
Mandates: territories to be administered by the League of Nations

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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts:
-1870: alliances made between the Great Powers. This system made to keep peace in Europe
-instead helped push the continent into war
-1864-1871: Prussia's chancellor (Otto von Bismarck) used war to unify Germany
-Bismarck declared Germany as a "satisfied power". Then turned to maintaining peace in Europe
-saw France as threat to peace, cause he thought France wanted revenge on defeat from Franco-Prussia war
-1879: Bismarck formed dual alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary and Italy joined two years later (aka the Triple Alliance)
-1881: Bismarck made treaty with Russia
-Bismarck's plan was to isolate France, by taking away its allies. This made France harmless to him

Triple Alliance:  In 1879, Bismarck formed the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Three years later, Italy joined the two countries,forming the Triple Alliance.

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace:
-1890: Germany's foreign policy changed
-Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign
-He didn't want to share power and wanted to how might Germany became. Army was his greatest pride
-1890: Wilhelm let treaty with Russia lapse
-1892-1894: Russia then formed alliance with France
-War with Russia or France would make Germany enemy of both. Germany would be forced to fight a two-front war, or a war on both its eastern and western borders.
-Wilhelm began shipbuilding program to make German navy equal to that of the British fleet
-Great Britain then formed alliance with France
-1907: Britain made another entente with France and Russia
-now there were two rival camps in Europe
-one side: Triple Alliance-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
-other side: Triple Entente-Great Britain, France, Russia
-this could draw Europe to war

Kaiser Wilhelm II:  two years earlier had become ruler of Germany—forced Bismarck to resign.
Triple Entente: alliance between Germany, France, and Russia

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Western Front: bloody stalemate along battlefields of France

The Conflict Grinds Along:
-Germany made Schlifen Plan battle strategy
-plan: attacking/defeating France in west and rushing east to fight Russia
-Russia railroad systems lagged in Europe and would take longer to supply front lines
- early September: German forces swept into France and reached the outskirts of of Paris
-September 5: the Allies regrouped and attacked Germans northeast of Paris, in the valley of the Marne River
-four days of fighting, German generals gave order to retreat
- east: Russian forces had already invaded Germany. Germany had to fight on two fronts
-German high command sent thousands of troops from France to aid forces in the east
-war on western front became a stalemate

Schliefen Plan: battle strategy named after its designer, General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen

War in the Trenches:
-1915: trench warfare
-soldiers fought from trenches
-armies traded huge losses of human life for pitifully small land gains
- Artillery fire brought death right into the trenches
-officers ordered an attack, their men went over the top of their trenches into this bombed-out landscape
-Western Front stretched nearly 500 miles from the North Sea to the Swiss border
-new tools of war had not delivered the fast-moving war they had expected
-1916: slaughter reached a peak
- February: Germans launched massive attack against the French near Verdun
- British forces attacked Germans northwest of Verdun, in valley of the Somme River
- Battle of the Somme ended in November, each side had suffered more than half a million casualties
-Near Verdun, the Germans advanced about four miles. In the Somme valley, the British gained about five miles

Trench Warfare:  opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire

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Governments Wage Total War:
-In Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, the entire force of government was dedicated to winning the conflict
-each country's wartime government took control of economy
-more munition factories, people put to work, and unemployment disappeared to help with the war
-turned to rationing
-governments used propaganda

total war: countries devoted all their resources to the war effort
rationing: So many goods were in short supply that governments turned to rationing. Under this system, people could buy only small amounts of those items that were also needed for the war effort
propaganda: one-sided information designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support for the war

Women and the War:
-Thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops
-built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals
- kept troops supplied with food,clothing, and weapons
-worked on war front lines as nurses

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The Creation of New Nations:
-1919 and 1920: Western powers signed separate peace treaties with each of the other defeated nations: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
-led to huge land losses for Central Powers
-new countries made out of Austro-Hungarian Empire: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia now independent nations
-Ottoman Turks left with modern-day Turkey
-The Allies carved up the lands that the Ottomans lost in Southwest Asia into mandates
-Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan came under British control
-Syria and Lebanon went to France
-Romania and Poland gained Russian territory
-Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (once part of Russia) became independent nations

"A Peace Built on Quicksand"
-treaty lasted little peace
-US looked at as the dominant nation and ended up rejecting the treaty
- Many Americans objected to the settlement and especially to President Wilson’s League of Nations and thought it would be best to stay out of European affairs
-US did separate treaty with Germany and its allies years later
-treaty with Germany ,especially war guilt clause, left hatred and bitterness in German people
-Other countries felt cheated and betrayed by the peace settlements
-European colonialism, disguised as the mandate system, continued in Asia and Africa
-Japan and Italy entered war to gain territory and gained less than they wanted
- League of Nations was in no position to take action on these and other com-plaints
-In little more than two decades, the treaties’ legacy of bitterness would help plunge the world into another catastrophic war

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A Restless Region:
-early 1900s: Ottoman Empire (includes Balkan region) in rapid decline
-some Balkan groups still had to break free from Turkish rulers
-ones who already did formed new nations including Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro,Romania, Serbia
-nationalism was powerful here and groups wanted to extend borders
-Serbia had large Slavic population and wanted that to grow
-Russia was mostly Slavic nation and supported Serbia's nationalism
-Austria opposed and thought a Slavic state would start rebellion among its Slavic population
-1908: Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina (two Balkan areas with large Slavic population)
-tension rose between Serbia and Austria, cause Serbia wanted rule over this province
-threats were made between the two over rule of land

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe:
-Archduke Franz Ferdinand,and his wife, Sophie, stepped to the Austro-Hungarian throne
-June 24, 1914: they made a state visit to the capital of Bosnia
and was killed by a Serbian (Gavrilo Princip, 19 y/o) who was also a member of the Black Hand
-Black Hand: secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule
-July 23: Austria used murder as excuse to punish Serbia. Presented them an ultimatum with many demands
-war most likely if Serbia refused
-Serbia agreed to most demands and wanted to settle the rest by international conference
-Austria didn't want to negotiate and already planned on war
-July 28: Austria denied Serbia's offer and declared war
-Russia was an ally of Serbia
-Russian leaders ordered the mobilization of troops toward the Austrian border
- British foreign minister, the Italian government, and Kaiser Wilhelm urged Austria and Russia to negotiate, but action was already taking place

Annex: took over
Ultimatum: a final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or a breakdown in relations

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Eastern Front:  area stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian border. Russians and Serbs battled Germans and Austro-Hungarians

Early Fighting:
- beginning of the war, Russian forces had launched an attack into both Austria and Germany
- August: Germany counter attacked near town of Tannenberg
-Germans crushed Russians and they retreated
-September 1914: Russian forces defeated the Austrians twice
-December: Austria defeated Russia

Russia Struggles:
-191: Russia getting weak
-Russia yet to be industrialized. Shortage of supplies
-Allied supply shipments to Russia were limited by German control of Baltic Sea and Germany’s submarine campaign in North Sea
-south: Ottomans still controlled the straits from Mediterranean to Black Sea
-Russia lost many battles but rebuilt rank with its huge population
-kept hundreds of thousands of German troops from advancing
-Germany couldn't show full force in the west
-As the war raged on, fighting spread beyond Europe to Africa, as well as to Southwest and Southeast Asia
- years after it began, the massive European conflict indeed became a world war

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Russia Withdraws:
-March 1917: food and fuel shortage
-leader Czar Nicholas stepped down
-new government pledged to fight forever
-5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner
-Russian army refused to fight any longer
-new government shook Russia
- November 1917: communist leader  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power
-wanted to end Russia's involvement in war
-March 1918: Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which ended the war between them

The Central Powers Collapse:
-March 1918: Germans mounted one final massive attack on the Allies in France
-May 1918: Germans again reached Marne River and Paris less than 40 miles away
-German military weak
-140,00 fresh US troops and launched counterattack
-July 1918: the Allies and Germans clashed at the Second Battle of the Marne
-2 million more American troops, the Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany
-Central Powers began to crumble: Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks surrendered
-October, revolution swept through Austria-Hungary
-November 9, 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down
-German government met with French Commander Marshal Foch near Paris and signed an armistice
-November 11: World War I came to an end

armistice: an agreement to stop fighting

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Summarize the new weapons that developed during the course of WWI: Four new weapons of the war include poison gas, the machine gun, tank, and submarine. The poison gas was introduced by the Germans, but used by others. There were dangerous physical affects that could also have led to death. The machine gun made it hard for troops to advance, because it would shoot automatically and wipe out lines of men coming forward. The tank was made in 1916 by the British. It could go through many terrains. The submarine is a underwater vessel with a missile to take out ships.

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General Notes:
-new use of technology
-left behind a landscape of death and destruction such as was never before seen
-8.5 million soldiers died as a result of the war and another 21 million wounded
-war led to the death of countless civilians by starvation, disease, and slaughter
-devastating economic impact on Europe
-One account put the total cost of the war at $338 billion
-destroyed acres of farmland, as well as homes, villages, and towns
-disillusionment settled over the survivors
-insecurity and despair that many people experienced are reflected in the art and literature of the time
- treaties to end World War I were forged after great debate and compromise
-prompted anger and resentment