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The lysosomal pathway is a vital cellular process responsible for the breakdown and recycling of various molecules and cellular components. It involves the function of lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles containing powerful digestive enzymes known as acid hydrolases. These enzymes are capable of breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.The lysosomal pathway begins with the formation of vesicles called autophagosomes, which engulf and sequester damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, or surplus components within the cell. These autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes, forming autolysosomes. Within the autolysosomes, the acidic environment activates the acid hydrolases, enabling them to degrade the engulfed material into smaller molecules.

GROUP MEMBERS :
1. MUHAMMAD ARIF ARHAM BIN S.ROSLI 210843 (TARGETED PROTEIN)
2.IMAN IMRAN BIN HAMZAH 210247(TARGETED PROTEIN)
3.MUHAMMAD FAEZ AIMAN BIN MUHD AZAM 212801(CELL MEMBRANE)
4.NUR SHAFIKA BINTI KAMAL 211879(LYSOSOME)
5.NURUL AIN NAZURAH BINTI SANUSI 212049 (LYSOSOME)

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Theme: Urea Cycle

Ammonia is a toxic product of nitrogen metabolism which should be removed from our bodies. The urea cycle is a series of five reactions catalyzed by several key enzymes. The first two steps in the cycle take place in the mitochondrial matrix and the rest of the steps take place in the cytosol. The urea cycle or ornithine cycle converts excess ammonia into urea in the mitochondria of liver cells. The urea forms then enter the bloodstream, is filtered by the kidneys, and is ultimately excreted in the urine. The overall reaction for urea formation from ammonia is: 2 Ammonia + CO2 + 3ATP ---> urea + water + 3 ADP. Overall, the urea cycle is an essential mechanism in maintaining nitrogen balance and preventing the accumulation of ammonia, thus playing a crucial role in overall metabolic health.

Roles:
Carbamoyl phosphate  - Joelle
Citrulline - Nisah
Arginosuccinate - Alyaa
Arginine - Christine
Ornithine - Doris

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Group 9: Post transcriptional modifications

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Group 9: Post transcriptional modifications

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After transcription, where the DNA sequence is transcribed into an RNA molecule, the primary transcript, known as pre-mRNA, undergoes several modifications to become mature and functional mRNA. These processing steps take place in specialized cellular compartments within the nucleus and are crucial for various aspects of RNA metabolism, including stability, translation efficiency, and localization within the cell. After processing, the pre-mRNA will become mature mRNA and released into cytosol for translation.

Role:
1. Dayang - spliceosome
2. Babat - exon
3. Safur - Poly A tail
4. Pica - intron
5. Zani - Narrator, 5’G cap

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Ping Pong Mechanism

Ping Pong mechanism was general antology to describe chemical reaction that involve two molecule that interchange with each other. (transamination) which is crucial to understand more complex reaction onward.

narrator = Suraya
Enzyme = Amalia
Substrate 1 = Dina
Substrate 2 = Piqah
Product 1 = Jamilah
Product 2 = Sham

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Nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere. It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrogen assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. In this roleplay video, we will explain a short yet precise occurrence of how nitrogen cycle works.

Role:

NH3 - Clare
NH4+ - Yee Wen
NO2 - Aisyah
NO3 - Shing Yi
N2 - Anis

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Group 8 - Prokaryotic Regulation and TRP Operon

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Group 8 - Prokaryotic Regulation and TRP Operon

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In Prokaryotic regulation, we will mainly illustrate further on positive and negative control such as activation and repression. In bacteria and archaea, structural proteins with related functions—such as the genes that encode the enzymes that catalyse the many steps in a single biochemical pathway—are usually encoded together within the genome in a block called an operon and are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter.

Then, we will discuss about TRP Operon in a simple way where trp operon is negatively regulated by the trp repressor protein.

Role ;
Aiman - RNAP
Ain - activator/Trp
Farisah - repressor
Sabrina - Operator
Aqilah - promoter

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The lac operon contains genes involved in lactose metabolism. It's expressed only when lactose is present and glucose is absent/ low. Two regulators turn the operon "on" and "off" in response to lactose and glucose levels: the lac repressor and catabolite activator protein (CAP). Our group role play inspired by the Captain Jack Sparrow movie.

Role :
1. Rani - lactose & Lac i
2. Fatihah - Repressor protein
3. Lin - RNA polymerase
4. Nabilah - Glucose
5. Aina - CAMP

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DNA is essential in maintaining the integrity of nuclear genome. However, DNA is vulnerable to be attacked by environmental factors which could prevent replication. Damage to the DNA must be repaired by removing the lesions formed for the replication to occur.

ROLES

1. DNA (1)= Faiz

2. DNA(2)=Waji

3. UV light= Rishi

4. Radiation= Zb

5. Doctor= Nancy

6. Nurse=Dinesh

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Title: Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

The mechanism of this ubiquitin-proteasome pathway involves 2 steps. The first step is the covalent attachment of multiple ubiquitin molecules to the protein substrate with the help of ubiquitination enzymes. The second step involves the degradation of the multi-ubiquitinated target protein by the 26S proteasome complex, with the release of free and reusable ubiquitin.

CHARACTERS

Ubiquitin - Yashini
Target protein - Shobha
E1 - Rahmah
E2 - Nadhirah
E3 - Jocelyn
Proteasome
19S domain - Nadhirah & Jocelyn
20S domain - Rahmah