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The “paragraph hamburger” is an organizer used to help students breakdown the components that go into writing a paragraph. This includes: topic sentence, multiple supportive details, and a closing sentence.

Advantages:
* Helps students organize their ideas in one place for their paragraph.
* Shows the structure and organization of concepts or ideas.
* Creates a concrete way to show students how information is related.
* Helps struggling writers break apart and find specific details to incorporate in their writing.
Disadvantages:
* Advanced writers will mostly not need to use this, even if it helps visually break down the aspects of a paragraph.

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/paragraph_hamburger

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Teaching transition words to students help improve their sentence writing.

Advantages:
* Provides coherence and fluidity in a story.
* Help students bridge gaps between their ideas in their writing.
* Provides a signal to the reader/listener about what is coming next.
Disadvantages:
* (not applicable for this specific strategy.)

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/transition_words

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Re-Enacting Procedures: Building the Foundation for Procedural Writing

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Students use Elkonin boxes for phonological awareness. This helps students segment words into sounds and learn each individual phoneme.
Advantages:
* help students build phonological awareness by segmentation with sounds or syllables.
* teaches students how to count the number of individual phonemes in the word, not necessarily the numbers of letters in the word.
* helps students decoding and spelling skills

Disadvantages:
* should be used individually or in small groups. This would not work as a whole class activity well to monitor and check student understanding.

Cite: Reading Rockets,
http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/elkonin_boxes

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Park Those Sounds!: Segmenting CVC Words into Phonemes in a Game

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Readers theater is a strategy used for developing fluency in reading. Students read a script or story several times, but do not need to memorize it. Students “perform” their part along with a small group of peers.

Advantages:
* Promotes Fluency
* Builds confidence in reading
* Helps students read with prosody.
Disadvantages:
* shy or struggling readers may opt out of this or feel embarrassed when participating.

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/readers_theater

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Reader's Theater: Building Fluency and Expression

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RAFT is an acronym that stands for Role Audience Format Topic. Children assume the role of a person/voice of a group of people. They’ll  share the project with their audience (classmates, the teacher, etc.) The format is the genre or activity the children create. The topic is the main subject of the project.

Advantages:
* children process ideas and information in different ways.
* thinking is imaginative and interpretive

Disadvantages:
* comprehension tends to be more literal in traditional assignments, like writing questions to answers.

Cite: pg 382 Literacy in the Early Grades (316 Textbook)

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Description: “pound it out” is a visual strategy to use for teaching blending and segmenting.

Advantages:
* Helps students visually understand each phoneme of a word.

Disadvantages:
*may be not as concrete of an idea for students to grasp. However, other blending and segmenting strategies may be more helpful for those students with trouble segmenting each individual sound with this method.

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/blending_games

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Pound and Sound: Helping Students Hear and Blend Phonemes

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Partner reading happens when two students share the same book and read together. One reads and the other may listen but they are both having the opportunity to read.

Advantages:
* Can be used with any book
* Helps students work together
* Encourages cooperation and support of peer assisted learning.
* Builds fluency in reading

Disadvantages:
* Often, students of higher reading levels may be paired with a student with a lower reading level. This can encourage the student to help their peer or it could create a sense of boredom as they wait for their peer to finish reading their part.
* May not help for comprehension

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/paired_reading

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Word sorts activities are used when children categorize words according to their meanings, spelling patterns, or phoneme-graphemes correspondences.

Advantages:
* Great for ELL students.
*  Builds vocabulary and spelling skills
* Students learn patterns based on word selection.

Disadvantages:
* I have seen first hand, students that do not fully understand the definition of the overall words they will be sorting have a harder time with finishing word sorts. (Adjectives vs. Adverbs)

Cite: page 396 Literacy in Early Grades

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A pre-reading vocabulary strategy used to activate prior knowledge about content and vocabulary. Students are provided a short vocabulary list of words from the reading and are asked to predict what the reading will be about based on those words.

Advantages:
* activates prior knowledge
* sparks curiosity in reading
* predictions and educated guesses are used to create meaningful sentences.

Disadvantages:
* May be difficult for ELL students.

Cite:http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/possible_sentences

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A Venn diagram is used to compare and contrast two things.

Advantages:
* can be a visual representation
* Students grasp ideas of similarities and differences between two things or ideas.
* can be used in all subjects or contents

Disadvantages:
* can be over used.
* space may be an issue if the circles are too small for students to write or draw in.

Cite: http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/student-interactives/venn-diagram-30973.html

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Description: Writing conferences are used as part of the writing process. This takes place during revision where a student may meet with the teacher or their peers to go over their writing at that point.

Advantages: * students share and reflect on their writing
* offers feedback to a writing piece.

Disadvantage: * students may get off topic when in small groups.
* students may run into a spelling error or mistake that they are not able to help with without a teacher.

ELL differentiation:
*Take a slow and considerate approach.
* understand the importance of the “silent period”. Let the student have time to think and process to orally communicate.

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/writing_conferences

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Kindergarten Writing Conference: Promote Self Expression with Writers' Workshop (Virtual Tour)

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Description: a framed paragraph is used as a pre-writing tool to help students write a well developed paragraph. It begins as a skeleton paragraph with blanks that will be filled out around the main idea or topic of the paragraph.

Advantages:
* creates structure for students
* fosters good habits in developing writing.
* provides framework for writing strong paragraphs

Disadvantage:
*students may not feel they can fill in the blanks.
* work avoidance may surface if it is too easy or too frustrating.

ELL differentiation:
* student may need more transition words provided.
* use their interests or something they are familiar with.
* have then create their own frame on something the teacher has read or pair them up with other students as a collaborative effort.

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/framed_paragraphs

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Description: Questioning the Author is a strategy used to engage students actively with a text. This strategy requires students to ask the questions of the author of the text.

Advantages:
* strengthens comprehension
* allows students to understand the text deeper
* teaches students to form questions to the author while reading.

Disadvantages:
* best used for non-fiction texts.
*

Differentiation:
* have students of varying abilities work together to determine answers to questions.
* restate questions that go unanswered.
* engage students in class discussion.
Cite:http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/question_the_author

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Did it Make You Laugh?: Learning About the Author's Purpose (Virtual Tour)

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Description: teaches students how to identify the most important ideas in a text, ignore irrelevant information, and how to tie grate the main ideas in a meaningful way.

Advantages:
* improves memory and comprehension
* teaches how to take out the important pieces of text.

Disadvantages:
* may be difficult if prior knowledge is minimal.
* students may need more guidance before doing this on their own.

Differentiation:
* use writing activities to build prior knowledge, help improve writing, and strengthen vocabulary.
* have students work in groups to answer summary questions and write responses

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/summarizing

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Summary Map: Scaffolding Summary Writing

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317- Question-Answer Relationship (QAR) 

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317- Question-Answer Relationship (QAR) 

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Description: QAR helps students understand the different types of questions. They will learn that sometimes the answers are “right there” in the text and some require deeper thinking or require them to think for themselves.

Advantages:
* improve reading comprehension
* teaches students how to ask questions about the reading and where to find them.
* inspires creative thinking and work cooperatively and challenge themselves.

Disadvantages:
* some students may struggle
*  some may need extra guidance in finding answers or coming up with their own.

Differentiation:
* have students work together to form questions about the text.
* share answers with the whole class.
* have students write down questions and answers

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/question_answer_relationshiphttp://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/question_answer_relationship

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Description: The semantic feature analysis strategy uses a grid to help children explore how sets of things are related to one another. Once the grid is filled out students will see connections, make predictions, and master important concepts.

Advantages:
*enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills
* illustrated how words are both similar and different.
* draws on prior knowledge and uses discussion to understand word meanings.

Disadvantages:
* Unable to explain connotative or figurative meanings of words.

Differentiation:
* adjust the number of categories.
* use concrete words and features.
* begin with items that are dissimilar and gradually move toward items where the differences are more subtle.
Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/semantic_feature_analysis

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Look Closely!: Describing Similarities and Differences Between Objects

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Description: Semantic gradients broaden and deepen students’ understanding of words. Students consider A column of words by order of degree. They use Semantic gradients to determine antonyms, synonyms, or opposites and distinguish between the differences of meanings.

Advantages:
* enhances vocabulary
* Helps students understand the different shades of meanings between words that are similar meaning.

Disadvantages:
* students may think a word is a deeper meaning than one that the teacher believes to be deeper.
* there is no real correct answer.

Differentiation:
* work in small groups or pairs. Encourage conversation about what the students think about those words given.
* provide an anchor chart as an example or reference to use.
* students can develop a list of their own words based on something they are familiar with.
* students can draw an illustration for each word or write a sentence for each word.

Cite:http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/semantic_gradients

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Description: this is an instructional practice for students to develop fluency. Repeated reading, under timed conditions can increase reading speed and comprehension.

Advantages:
* strengthens reading speed
* strengthens comprehension
* improves reading accuracy

Disadvantages:
* Instructional text level must be used. If a text is too frustrating or too easy it will not help improve the students’ reading rate.

Differentiation:
* begin with materials that are familiar to the student.
* keep scores private and encourage students to be proud of their progress.

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/timed_repeated_readings

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Timed Repeated Reading: Building Fluency by Rereading Text

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317- Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) 

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317- Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) 

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Description: a comprehension strategy that guides students in asking questions about a text, making predictions, and then reading to confirm or refute their their predictions.

Advantages:
* Encourage students to be active and thoughtful readers
* Activates prior knowledge.
* Strengthens critical thinking skills.

Disadvantages:
* it must be centered around individual reading levels and provide appropriate questions for each as needed.

Differentiation:
* reading should be broken into small sections for students to process and have time to think about.

Cite:http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/drta

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Before, During and After Questions: Promoting Reading Comprehension and Critical Thinking

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Description: List-Group-Label is a vocabulary strategy in the form of Semantic mapping. This is a way to categorize words through grouping and labeling. This helps students organize new concepts in relation to previously learned concepts.

Advantages:
* teaching categorizing and labeling skills
* it helps students organize their understanding of specific vocabulary and concepts
* is an actively engaging strategy.

Disadvantages:
* Teacher must know there is no correct answer. All groupings and labels will be different.

Differentiation:
* use discussion within and outside of groups
* provide students with pre-established categories to use

Cite: http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/list_group_label