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Constructivists focus on how learners construct knowledge based on prior experience. They believe in experiential, self-directed learning.

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According to cognitivists, learning involves the reorganization of experiences. It is considered an active learning process. Cognitivism assumes that an existing knowledge structure is used to process new information. This theory believes that the information is received, stored, and retrieved.. As opposed to behaviorists, who focus mainly on learning objectives, cognitivists concentrate on making learning meaningful through using learners’ background knowledge. Cognitivists also believe that it is easier to remember items mentioned at the beginning or at the end rather than somewhere in the middle.

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Behaviorism is based on observable and measurable changes in behavior. It assumes that the learner’s behavior is shaped through either positive or negative reinforcement. Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur. Punishment, on the other hand, decreases the likelihood that the behavior will happen again.