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a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

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a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.

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4th Amendment -- No illegal search and seizures.

In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Supreme Court made the exclusionary rule applicable to the states.

Probable Cause -- authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant. (4th)

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forbids Congress from establishing a state religion 

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forbids Congress from establishing a state religion 

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1st Amendment -- Freedom of religion and speech.

Prior Restraint -- censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression. (violates 1st)

Free Exercise Clause -- protects individuals from government interference in the practice of their faith. (1st)

Lemon v. Kurtzman -- found that the passing of any state laws that establish a religious body is a direct violation of the United States Constitution. (violates 1st and establishment clause.)

In Engle v. Vitale (1962),  the Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

Speech Plus -- freedom of speech and the ability to protest peacefully.

Symbolic Speech -- ability to protest.

Defamatory Speech -- a false and unprivileged statement of fact that is harmful to someone's reputation, and published "with fault," meaning as a result of negligence.

Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is spoken defamation.

Nazis v. Skokie -- Nationalist Socialist Party of America wanted to protest and Illinois would not let them.

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the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it.

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the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it.

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5th Amendment --  Protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases.

Korematsu v. U.S. -- U.S. gov. decided to require Japanese-Americans to move into relocation camps as a matter of national security. (violates 5th)

14th Amendment -- The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws. (the right to privacy)

Equal Protection Clause -- a state must treat an individual in the same manner as others in similar conditions and circumstances. (14th)

Roe v. Wade -- a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy protected by the 14th Amendment.

Rational Basis Test -- the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions. (5th and 14th)

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) -- a defendant's statements to authorities are inadmissible in court unless the defendant has been informed of their right to have an attorney present during questioning and an understanding that anything they say will be held against them.

Gideon v. Wainright -- Gideon went to trial, requested an attorney, and didn't get one. This violates his constitutional rights.

Suspect Classifications -- any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination. (1st and 5th)

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prohibits the gov.'t from prosecuting individuals more than one time for a single offense.

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prohibits the gov.'t from prosecuting individuals more than one time for a single offense.

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5th Amendment --  Protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases.

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the legal separation of groups enforced by law.

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the legal separation of groups enforced by law.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in all public schools, transportation, and facilities.

Brown v. Board (1954) --  the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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legal racial segregation that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement.

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legal racial segregation that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement.

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The high concentration of African-Americans in a neighborhood produces a neighborhood school that is predominantly black (segregated in fact, not by law).

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required that gov. employers do not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin.

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required that gov. employers do not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin.

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Provides equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities.

Bakke Case v. U.S. -- a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional. A school's use of affirmative action to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.

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the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Made it so the Bill of Rights applied to state governments and not just the federal government.

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ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

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ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) -- decided a slave was his master's property and African Americans were not citizens and struck down the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) -- segregation is legal.

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Literacy tests were used to keep people of color and sometimes poor whites from voting.

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seditious speech—including speech that constitutes an incitement to violence is protected by the 1st Amendment as long as it does not indicate an "imminent" threat.

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seditious speech—including speech that constitutes an incitement to violence is protected by the 1st Amendment as long as it does not indicate an "imminent" threat.

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1st Amendment -- Freedom of religion and speech.

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guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without unnecessary delay, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you.

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guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without unnecessary delay, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you.

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the right of the people to keep and bear arms.

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the right of the people to keep and bear arms.

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requires civil jury trials only in federal courts.

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requires civil jury trials only in federal courts.

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prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments.

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prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments.