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Species richness at all sites was decreased about 50% in average after coral bleaching phenomenon. However, there were no significantly differences between fishing catches before and after coral bleaching. This was directly attributed due to fisherman allocating more time and effort to catch the same amount of fish compared to per coral bleaching.

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In island nations, such as the Philippines and Indonesia, where agricultural land is limited, fisheries are the primary source of protein and, often, the only source of income. Subsistence or small-scale fishing may comprise 80 percent of the total coastal fisheries catch in parts of the South Pacific. These nations have a substantial amount of reliance on these reef-dependent fisheries, as an economic asset and for subsistence. Losing these valuable fisheries will have a catastrophic effect on these developing nations.

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Initial losses of living coral, but not erosion of their structure, increased fisheries productivity in the short-term, but productivity increases were from herbivorous fish and smaller fish which may not be the most highly valued targets. However, when the structure of the reef eroded following coral death, all benefits to the industry were lost.

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Resorts along the Great Barrier Reef could lose one million visitors annually if coral bleaching continues and will additionally put 10,000 jobs at risk. Further more, 175,000 potential visitors will be lost and $1 billion in tourism revenue. The Chinese market, which is particularly sensitive, resulted in over 55% of respondents more likely to visit another

country.

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Which countries save the most money annually?

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Which countries save the most money annually?

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The countries with the most to gain from reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected flood savings exceed $400 million for each of these nations.

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Across cross reef coastlines, reefs reduce the annual expected damages from storms by more than $4 billion. Without reefs, annual damages would more than double (118%) and the flooding of land would increase by 69% affecting 81% more people annually. This data implies that loss of reef life can have catastrophic consequences towards coastal areas protected by reefs.

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Highly productive ecosystems that are homes to thousands of species of aquatic life.

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When the algae living within the reef tissue dies, the coral turns white, leading to death of the coral.

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NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service estimates the annual commercial value of U.S. fisheries from coral reefs to be over $100 million. Reef-based recreational fisheries generate over $100 million annually in the United States. Furthermore, half of all U.S. fisheries depend on healthy coral reefs.

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Coral Reefs have an innate ability to protect coast lines from natural hazards like storm surges and waves. Reefs reduce wave energy by an average of 97%. Degradation of the reefs can have a substantial impact on the mount of energy reduced, leading to more damage to coast lines and more money allocated to fix these damages.

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In the Great Barrier Reef, the annual income of of 2015-16 alone was $8 billion, pulling in 17.8 million visitors that year and providing 64,000 jobs. The decline of the GBR's health would affect the economy of not only cities reliant on GBR tourist such as Cairns but Australia as a whole.