# data[].attributes.body
Some interesting facts are the Brainstems have 4 things that make it up the The Midbrain the Varoli’s bridge, the Medulla, and the spinal cord. It controls more things then we would think like breathing, digestion, salivation, blood pressure, heart rate, and etc.

# data[].attributes.body
2. change icon from dino (5pts)
3. change  background (5pts)
4. split up info (1, 2, images are easier)
5. include sources
6. Delete these directions when done.
20 pts for doing your share of work
10 pts for icon/background
_____
30 pts/person

# data[].attributes.body
https://human-memory.net/brain-stem/

# data[].attributes.body
Findings have shown that brainstem regulates heartbeat, respiration and because it connects the brain and spinal cord, all the drugs that act on the spinal cord may overall affect the systems controlled by the spinal cord and brain. The message is sent and received by temporal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe and cerebellum.

# data[].attributes.body
Brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.britannica.com/science/brainstem

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com/blog/know-your-brain-pons

# data[].attributes.body
Brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord and that serves a critical role in regulating certain involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing.

# data[].attributes.body
It plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis by controlling autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. While the brain stem can organize motor movements such as reflexes, it coordinates with the motor cortex and associated areas to contribute to fine movements of limbs and the face.

# data[].attributes.body
https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/2094-Brain-Stem-.html#:~:text=It%20plays%20an%20important%20role,of%20limbs%20and%20the%20face.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord and that serves a critical role in regulating certain involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing. The brainstem is divided into three sections in humans: the midbrain (mesencephalon), the pons (metencephalon), and the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon).

The brainstem houses many of the control centres for vital body functions, such as swallowing, breathing, and vasomotor control. All of the cranial nerve nuclei, except those associated with olfaction and vision, are located in the brainstem, providing motor and sensory function to structures of the cranium, including the facial muscles, tongue, pharynx, and larynx, as well as supplying the senses of taste, equilibrium, and hearing. The brainstem also has nuclei important for sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic functions. All efferent and afferent pathways between the cerebrum and cerebellum course through the brainstem, and many of them decussate, or cross, within this structure.

Because of the important neural structures concentrated in this small portion of the nervous system, even very small lesions of the brainstem may have profound effects. Speech disorders, vestibular disturbance, abnormal consciousness, dysphagia, and respiratory disturbance are a few examples of possible outcomes of brainstem disorders. Such disorders can be caused by trauma, tumours, strokes, infections, and demyelination ( multiple sclerosis). Complete loss of brainstem function is regarded by some experts as equivalent to brain death.

Robert Joynt

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

human nervous system: Brainstem

The brainstem is made up of all the unpaired structures that connect the cerebrum with the spinal cord. Most rostral in the brainstem are structures often collectively referred to as the diencephalon. These structures are the epithalamus, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the subthalamus....

nervous system disease: Brainstem

Damage to the brainstem threatens life, since so many of the control centres for many functions, including consciousness, respiration, and blood pressure, are situated there. As with lesions of the spinal cord, localization of the level of the lesion is determined by noting which...

nervous system disease: Brainstem

Brainstem lesions produce a number of syndromes depending on their location and cause. In Moebius syndrome, the abducens and facial nerves, which originate in the brainstem, do not develop. Encephalitis may affect the brainstem only, with consequent damage to cranial nerves, to cerebellar connections,...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
brainstem | Definition, Structure, & Function

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord. The brainstem acts as an automatic control center for important involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and swallowing.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
doi: 10.2174/1871524919666190620164355.

Affiliation

¹ Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

doi: 10.2174/1871524919666190620164355.

Affiliation

¹ Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

Abstract

Background: Brain is the most sensitive organ, whereas brainstem is the most important part of Central Nervous System (CNS). It connects the brain and the spinal cord. However, a myriad of drugs and chemicals affects CNS with severe resultant effects on the brainstem.

Methods: In view of this, a number of literature were assessed for information on the most sensitive part of brain, drugs and chemicals that act on the brainstem and clinical benefit and risk assessment of such drugs and chemicals.

Results: Findings have shown that brainstem regulates heartbeat, respiration and because it connects the brain and spinal cord, all the drugs that act on the spinal cord may overall affect the systems controlled by the spinal cord and brain. The message is sent and received by temporal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe and cerebellum.

Conclusion: Hence, the chemical functional groups of the brainstem and drugs acting on brainstem are complementary, and may produce either stimulation or depression of CNS.

Keywords: Brainstem; cerebropathy; death; drug; spinal cord; toxicant..

Similar articles

Chirality of Central Nervous System (CNS) Acting Drugs: A Formidable Therapeutic Hurdle Against CNS Diseases.

Saganuwan SA. Saganuwan SA. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2019;19(3):171-179. doi: 10.2174/1871524919666190624150214. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2019. PMID: 31232237 Review.

An assessment of the present and future roles of non-ligand gated ion channel modulators as CNS therapeutics.

Gribkoff VK, Starrett JE. Gribkoff VK, et al. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 1999 Nov;1(1):61-70. doi: 10.1517/14656566.1.1.61. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 1999. PMID: 11249565 Review.

Auditory brainstem response and temporal bone and brainstem pathology in brainstem death, with special reference to autolysis of red blood cells.

Kaga K, Uebo K, Sakata H, Abe Y, Haebara H, Kosakai M. Kaga K, et al. Acta Otolaryngol. 1995 Mar;115(2):183-6. doi: 10.3109/00016489509139287. Acta Otolaryngol. 1995. PMID: 7610800

Multiple nocardial abscesses of the brainstem and spinal cord diagnosed after an open biopsy through a cervical partial central corpectomy: case report.

Peeters I, Casselman JW, Vandecasteele SJ, Janssen A, Regaert B, Vantomme N, Vanopdenbosch LJ. Peeters I, et al. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015 Sep;23(3):290-3. doi: 10.3171/2014.12.SPINE14755. Epub 2015 Jun 19. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015. PMID: 26091435

Comparative therapeutic index, lethal time and safety margin of various toxicants and snake antivenoms using newly derived and old formulas.

Saganuwan SA. Saganuwan SA. BMC Res Notes. 2020 Jun 16;13(1):292. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-05134-x. BMC Res Notes. 2020. PMID: 32546265 Free PMC article.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
central nervous system agents / pharmacology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
central nervous system agents / therapeutic use*

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chemistry and Effects of Brainstem Acting Drugs - PubMed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
doi: 10.2174/1871524919666190620164355. 1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. doi: 10.2174/1871524919666190620164355. 1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Human Brain Stem - | Brain stem, Human brain, Brain anatomy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Feb 1, 2015 - Human Brain Stem Incoming search terms: brainstem brain pictures terms for pictures brain stemribbon