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similarities between the upper and lower airway 

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similarities between the upper and lower airway 

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Both upper and lower airways respond to different stimuli though narrowing of the lumen, mucous secretion and inflammation are similar in bronchi and nose however mechanisms causing airway narrowing differ

repair processes are similar in the upper and lower airways, however structural changes and remodelling are more important in the lower airways.

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histology of the lower respiratory tract 

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histology of the lower respiratory tract 

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Includes structures such as the alveoli that exchange the gasses oxygen and carbon dioxide when breathing in and out. oxygen is carried from the air into the lungs and into alveoli which is transferred into the blood to be transferred around the body blood vessels are next to the alveoli, enabling fast transition of oxygen.

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Air is introduced to the lungs through a interconnected pathway  with constantly changing epithelial lining. Whilst the upper respiratory tract acts as a conducting portion, the lower tract serves as both the conducting and respiratory portions of the airway.

the majority of the respiratory tree, from the nasal cavity to the bronchi is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The bronchioles are lined by simples columnar to cuboidal epitheleium. as the alveoli is lined by thin squamous epithelium allowing for gas exchange

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Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution.

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Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution.

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Research into the effect of air pollution has shown that high levels of roadside  air pollution can restrict the lung growth in children by as much as 14% in busy cities. Living near busy roads can increase the risk of bronchitis in children with asthma and is linked to health conditions such as heart disease, stroke, and bronchitis. (Guardian, 2019) Immune functions and lung mechanics, including lung repair and damage, can be affected by environmental factors. (Kurt et al., 2016)

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Physiological similarities  between the upper and lower airway 

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Physiological similarities  between the upper and lower airway 

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The upper and lower airways form a continuous tract and share an important function, the passage of air in and out of the lungs. Each part of the respiratory tract has a specific function, the conducting portion, consisting of the pharynx, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles s have the functions of humidification, filtration of air, smell from the nose, phonation in the larynx and the respiratory portion of the lungs is responsible for gas exchange.

The upper and lower airways share the common susceptibility to various agents such as allergens, occupational sensitizers, drugs and infectious agents

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Oxidative stress can have an impact on lung cells and cell components such as membrane, RNA and DNA. Oxidant air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter can induce lung inflammation through stimulation of the oxidative stress process.
The inflammation of the airway can lead to the destruction of the cilia of the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. Lung epithelial injury may lead to an open interface between the lung and the blood, facilitating a dispersion of microbes to the rest of the body (Gomes and Florida-James, 2013)

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Lung (nil significant)

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structures of the airway:  difference between the upper airway and lower air way 

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structures of the airway:  difference between the upper airway and lower air way 

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The upper airway: includes the nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, the portion of the larynx between the pharynx and trachea

The lower airway:  Includes the trachea, and within the lungs, the bronchi, which is divided into secondary and tertiary bronchi  which continues to divide into small airways called the bronchioles