# data[].attributes.body
This was a poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899 as a response to the American take over of the Philippines  which described the burden of a white man having to manage the less developed nonwhite people. It was about the Philippine-American War in which the United States assumed their control over the Filipino people. It was written as a propaganda for the world, to make it sound like the white man has such a terrible burden and should be pitied for its problems.

# data[].attributes.body
Capital
Industrialized nations competed for raw materials and new markets to improve their economies. This initially led to a worldwide competition where all nations prioritized their profit and expansion for their nation. Considering the government will struggle without enough profit, making the most makes their nation more superior and opposing countries more insecure. With the economic strategy of imperialism, territorial expansion became wildly progressive. This lead to many new resources and also, those who were successful, were sending ghostly initial threats to overseeing countries/nations.

Containment
Containment refers to the effort by the military to prevent territorial and political expansion. This was in the Great Power Competition era. It is also to contain international threats. Developed nations were insecure, and seized territory in direct response to other states. The containment piece of this was to stop states from expanding using the military.

# data[].attributes.headline
Motive 2: Social & Scientific Philosophy

# data[].attributes.subject
Motive 2: Social & Scientific Philosophy

# data[].attributes.body
Charles Darwin
Came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection. It was used to justify certain political, social, and economic views. It explained the expressions of genes passed from a parent to an offspring.

Social Darwinism
The belief of "survival of the fittest" and that a person's genetic makeup caused some to be weaker than others.

Thomas Malthus
Famous for the economic theory that the population will always be ahead of food production. This work had an influence on Darwin himself.

Herbert Spencer
An English philosopher, a large advocate for evolution. He was a figure who inspired Charles Darwin and Darwin's theory of evolution. Believed in Social Darwinism, created the term "survival of the fittest,"  Social Darwinism and eugenics were large parts of Imperialism and he was one of its founders.

Eugenics
A new "science" which believes that getting rid of the "undesirables" will improve the human race.

Eugenics Cases

Buck v. Bell (1927)

People of public institutions may become sterilized to prevent passings of defects to the next generation .

Madrigal vs. Quilligan (1978)

Doctors, specifically Dr. James Quilligan and his staff sterilized 10 Latina women without consent. The doctors argued they did what was best for their patients' health, when really their real motivation was to prevent the Mexican community from reproducing (eugenics). The results of this case were that federal and state policies about consent were strengthened, and the fight against eugenics was revisited and revamped.

# data[].attributes.body
Qing Dynasty (China)
The dynasty lasted from 1644-1912. One historian said it was "plagued by external disaster and internal rebellion". In 1911, the rebellion groups of the area banded together and declared independence from the Qing Dynasty. The weakening of the Qing Dynasty was important because it allowed imperialists to make unequal treaties forcing China to open it's ports to western countries.

Qajar Dynasty (Iran)
The Qajar Dynasty was a large royal Dynasty with Turkish descent. The dynasty ruled from 1789-1925. The Qajar Dynasty had a large rivalry with Russia, and eventually succumbed to Russias power. Russia then began to overtake the Qajar Dynasty's territory leaving the dynasty very politically unstable.

Mughal Empire (India)
This empire was an early, modern empire located in South Asia. They depended on agriculture and trade, and were known for their cultural influence.

# data[].attributes.headline
Motive 4: Political Aims Around the World

# data[].attributes.subject
Motive 4: Political Aims Around the World

# data[].attributes.body
The Berlin Conference
A conference that took place between 1884-1885 in which Austria- Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Spain, Sweden- Norway, United Kingdom, and the United States met. The purpose of the meeting was to stop the competition between global powers in Africa discuss and find a way for European powers to claim Africa without causing conflict. They decided to give each country a place in Africa where they can claim land. This led to the Scramble for Africa because the powers had an easy way to claim land in Africa. Another goal was to reach agreements over trade, navigation and boundaries of central Africa.

Africa
Imperialist countries invaded, occupied, divided, and colonized Africa to use its raw natural resources, gain more territory and power for their country, and set up ports on the way to India. Imperialists also ended up changing the borders in Africa.

China
High demand for Chinese products led to Britain introducing a barter system in which they traded Opium for the products. The Opium Wars resulted when the Emperor ordered the illegal trade to stop and it left Qing Dynasty weakened.

India
The British controlled most of the economic and political power in India. They had more of an emphasis on cash crops, like opium. During the Opium War, the East India Company and other British merchants began to smuggle Indian opium to sell in China.

# data[].attributes.body
The Industrial Revolution (hannah)
The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced and labor techniques during the 1800s. There were widespread technological advancements and more efficient means of production resulting in capital/capitalism and goods. This is important to Imperialism because it could not happen without the money that was gained during this period. One of the motives for it was economic competition and pressure from capitalists who supported Imperialism. These capitalists who believed that profit was the most important thing for the economy emerged from the Industrial Revolution and urged nations to expand their markets, influence, and territory.

Exceptionalism
The perception that a certain country, race, society, or any social construct is exceptional, or better than another. Country exceptionalism led to imperialism, because countries wanted to expand their great country, and wanted to influence their great country onto others.

Nationalism
Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

# data[].attributes.body
How does persuasive language (rhetoric) rationalize imperialism?

The Great Game
The Great Game was a rivalry between British and Russia over British India and the surrounding countries. Both were trying to expand territory in Afghanistan, and Britain was trying to further secure the “Crown Jewel” of the British Empire. It implies that imperialism is just a game and doesn't mess with people's livelihoods.

The Jewel in the Crown
Refers to India being the bright spot of the British Empire, because of its natural resources and location. It is propaganda because it promotes the idea that India belongs to Britain, and wasn't its own country.

The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire
This phrase is used to describe the size and vastness of the British empire because it was so extensive that at any time there was daylight somewhere in British territory. This statement has a biased and misleading message that promotes the British Empire by making it seem more powerful (exceptionalism) since it has more territory.

The Scramble for Africa
The term was first used in Britain in 1884 and refers to European countries competing to colonize the already established states of Africa to gain power and raw materials. This colonization of Africa lead to Europe having control of over 90% of the continent it was at this point the scramble for Africa began. The term "The Scramble for Africa" was originally a factual term to describe modern events and developed into propaganda. Since it further encouraged and pressured European countries to expand their influence and "normalized" the idea of colonizing Africa.

# data[].attributes.body
Boxer Rebellion

Containment refers to the effort by the military to prevent territorial and political expansion. This was in the Great Power Competition era. It is also to contain international threats. Developed nations were insecure, and seized territory in direct response to other states. The containment piece of this was to stop states from expanding using the military.

Sepoy Mutiny
The Sepoy Mutiny was a major uprising that took place in India that went against the rule of the British East India Company. It was a hard battle for those who were fighting against the British East India Company because the British East India Company was being supported by Britain.

Maji Maji Revolt
The Maji Maji Revolt was a rebellion of Africans against German colonial rule in German East Africa. This war started because of a German policy in which the indigenous people had to grow cotton for export. 250,000-300,000 people died in this armed rebellion which lasted from 1905 to 1907.

# data[].attributes.body
Modernization in underdeveloped countries.

Exploitation and Cultural Destruction occurred as a result of imperialist ambitions seeping into literature, culture, education, and the economy. Rich and diverse cultures were subjugated, and certain crops were exploited in the name of economic prosperity.

The foundations of World War I is directly influenced by imperialism.