# data[].attributes.body
Information failure occurs when all parties concerned in the transaction do not have the same level or have different information. It is a type of market failure. It can occur if the buyer has more information than the seller or vica versa. For eg. when buying an insurance, the buyer may have information about their medical history that would not share or when a doctor is treating a patient, they might suggest unnecessary procedures that may not be required.
3/5

# data[].attributes.body
Information failure is a type of market failure that occurs when the buyers or the sellers do not have the same amount of information and, or may have different information.

An example for buyers not having the same amount of information as the seller could be, for example, if the car in a second hand shore room may have a headlight not working but the buyer may not know that as the seller may keep it a secret.

Market failure could be prevented by Moral hazards. Moral hazards are, for example a seller may be able to cheat a customer but out of his morals he may not be able to do it.
3/5

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Merit Goods Are goods that the public doesent appreciate and therefore they are under consumed,the govt typically subsidises such goods so that demand increases,Demerit goods are goods that are left overconsumed as consumers dont fully understand the goods harmful effects therefore these goods are taxed heavily by the govt for its demand to decrease. It is important to know about information failure while classifying merit and demerit goods as it will determine how much harm it can cause to the general public.If demerit goods are classified as merit goods and vice versa demand for demerit goods will drastically increase as govt would subsidise the production of such goods and reduce taxation on them causing lower prices for such goods and making them overly produced and it could damage the health of consumers, also merit goods if classified wrong will be further underconsumed as the govt would imply heavier taxes on them limiting the benefits the general public will receive.
4/10

# data[].attributes.body
Information failure is when buyers and sellers do not have the same amount of information. Also known as asymmetric information. This would lead to market failure as a result of moral hazards and adverse selection. Moral hazard is when one party takes more risks as they do not face the the full costs of the risk. Adverse selection is when buyers have more information than sellers or vice versa. This commonly happens in health insurance. Buyers have more information about their health than the firms and may hide some information to gain insurance at a cost lower than their true risk level.
3/5

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Information Failure occurs when there is a lack of information for either the seller or the buyer. An example is asymmetric information, which is when the seller knows more information than the buyer. If the seller has more information than buyer, the seller can decieve the buyer by not letting them know about, for example, defects and faults in the product that the buyer would not know about. This is unfair to the buyer as they are not getting what they paid for. Fortunately, this can be regulated and reduced by government intervention. This includes passing and implementing Quality Control laws, providing important information of a product to the public at large, or by using licensure.
3/5

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Information failure is a type of market failure that occurs when an individual or firm has a lack of information about economic decisions. For eg in terms of individuals, we may be unaware of the harmful effects that we incur while we are standing next to a polluted area and how they might damage our health. An example of firms encountering market failure might be if they're unaware of the harmful effects of  wastage or pollution they emit through factories and how they damage the environment.
2/5 lack of economic terminology

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Information failure is a type of market failure where individuals or firms have a lack of information about economic decisions. There are different types of information failures.  One of them is Moral hazard which occurs when individuals alter their behaviour because of certain grantees.  then there is asymmetric information where there is imbalance in information between buyer and seller which can distort choices eg a landlord knows more about the property than tenants. Another type of market failure is Adverse selection where buyers and sellers have different information and so participants may perform selectively in the market.
3/5

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Merit goods are goods that the government or society thinks are important and is beneficial to consumers. However, due to information failure, consumers are not aware of these benefits and therefore, merit goods are under consumed and as a result, under produced. We can only classify a good as a merit good if we are provided with the information and benefits of it. For example, healthcare. Regular check ups are more important than the general public may think and hence they do not get them done as often as they should. To fix this problem, governments may make a certain number of check ups a year compulsory.
Demerit goods are goods that are considered to have a negative impact on consumers. Due to information failure, consumers are unaware of it's disadvantages and therefore, these goods are over-consumed. As a result of this lack of information, these goods are also over-produced. For example, alcohol. Consumers may consume too much alcohol without fully realising its health hazards.  Governments would try to fix this problem by taxing alcohol to make it more expensive for consumers to buy in hopes to reduce demand as demand is inversely related to price.
7/10 only diagram is missing

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Merit good are goods that are subsidized because the government and the society may think that the product is a necessity and  people may not give the product that much importance. Due to this information failure occurs as people do not know whether the product is good for them or not. These merit goods are thus not used enough hence these goods are classified as merit goods. this is why the government does its research and classifies that product as a merit good. A good example of this is injections. People won't usually take it as they are not aware that they have to. So the government, probably once a year goes around and gives everyone the injections for free,

Demerit goods on the other hand are considered to be bad for people and is usually heavily taxed by the government. These goods are tagged as unwanted goods. In this case information failure  occurs due to the fact that the producers and the buyers do not have the same information. What this means is that even though the producer knows that these goods are bad for peoples health it still advertises and sells it. Thus while the buyer is purchasing the product they are unaware of the real effects of that good.
5/10

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merit goods are goods that the government thinks are beneficial to society and hence wants to increase their sales. Demerit goods are goods that the government thinks are harmful to people and hence want to decrease their sales.
Information plays an important  role in determining whether a good is a merit or demerit good. if people are not made aware of the advantages of merit goods they will not buy it and hence merit goods will be under consumed. for eg. education is a merit good and is hence subsidized so that everyone can use it. until its importance is made know to the public people would not spend money on it. an example of demerit good is alcohol, if people are not made aware of its disadvantages then it could be over-consumed and could be harmful to people.
6/10

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A merit good is a good which is under-consumes by the free market but the government feels it ought to be subsidised
A demerit good is a good which is dangerous towards people's health and wellbeing, yet is over-consumed.
It is important to understand information failure in terms of merit and demerit goods so that consumers can understand their value and use them appropriately.
Merit goods and services such as healthcare and education are underproduced because they are under-consumed. this could be because consumers are unaware or ignorant towards its advantages or are indifferent towards its use.
Demerit goods are over consumed because they are highly addictive (eg cigarette or alcohol). these goods are over-consumed because they are over-demanded. the excessive demand is the result of producers advertising the goods effectively, hence leading to people consuming the good
6/10

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Demerit goods are goods that are harmful to consumers, either financially or physically, but are overconsumed by consumers due to information failure. It is important to know where this information failure is happening as that is the only way the government can start working to mend this failure. For example, cigarettes are extremely bad for health and they cause many different types of cancer.
incomplete answer 2/10

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Failure to disclose information.
Difficulty in estimating costs and benefits.
Lack of education/awareness.
Moral Hazard.
Irrelevant information / misinformation.
Information bias.

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https://www.economicshelp.org/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/merit-demerit-goods/

https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/economics/market-failure/revise-it/public-merit-and-demerit-goods

https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/merit-goods

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