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What is cynaosis?
A bluish color to the skin or mucous membrane

Symptoms
- bluish discoloration of skin and mucous(slimy) membranes that usually appears around the lips, fingers, and toes

Causes
- mostly due to a lack of oxygen in the blood
- high altitude
- truncus arteriosus: a birth defect of the heart where the blood vessels out of the heart in developing baby fails to separate completely during development + connecting between the aorta and pulmonary artery
- total anomalous pulmonary venous return: a birth defect of the heart where oxygen-rich blood doesn't return from the lungs to the left atrium
- transposition of the great arteries: a birth defect of the heart where two main arteries are switched in position)
- tricuspid atresia: a birth defect of the heart where the valve that controls blood flow from the right upper chamber of the heart to the right lower chamber of the heart doesn't form at all
- pulmonary atresia: a birth defect of the heart where the valve that controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs doesn't form at all
- atrioventricular canal defect: a heart defect in which there are holes between the chambers of the right and left sides of the heart
- pulmonary hypertension: high blood pressure in blood vessels that supply the lungs(pulmonary arteries)
- hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a birth defect that affects normal blood flow through the heart

Treatment Options
- warming the affected areas
- surgery
- oxygenation
- intravenous fluids
- drugs
- immunizations(for children)
- injections(for infants)
- glucose administration

Sources
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-of-cyanosis.aspx#:~:text=Cyanosis%20is%20characterized%20by%20bluish,lips%2C%20fingers%2C%20and%20toes.
https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/c/cyanosis
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/pulmonaryatresia.html#:~:text=Pulmonary%20atresia%20is%20a%20birth,up%20oxygen%20for%20the%20body.
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/tricuspid-atresia.html#:~:text=Tricuspid%20atresia%20(pronounced%20try%2DCUSP,doesn't%20form%20at%20all.
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/truncusarteriosus.html#:~:text=Truncus%20arteriosus%20is%20a%20birth,the%20aorta%20and%20pulmonary%20artery.
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/avsd.html#:~:text=An%20atrioventricular%20septal%20defect%20(AVSD,may%20not%20be%20formed%20correctly.
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-cyanosis.aspx

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What is jaundice?
a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes and mucous membranes turn yellow because of a high level of bilirubin, a yellow-orange bile pigment

Symptoms
- Fever
- Chills
- Abdominal pain
- Flu-like symptoms
- Change in skin color
- Dark-colored urine and/or clay-colored stool

Causes
- Viruses, including Hepatitis A, chronic Hepatitis B and C, and Epstein-Barr virus infection (infectious mononucleosis)
- Alcohol
- Autoimmune disorders
- Rare genetic metabolic defects

Treatments
-  rise of bilirubin levels through a loss of fluids (dehydration)
- phototherapy (laying babies lie under lights with little clothing so their skin is exposed)
- exchange blood transfusion
- intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg)

Sources
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jaundice.html
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15367-adult-jaundice
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15367-adult-jaundice#:~:text=Jaundice%20is%20a%20condition%20in,t%20need%20to%20be%20treated.

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What are rashes?
An area of irritated or swollen skin. Many rashes are itchy, red, painful, and irritated. Some rashes can also lead to blisters or patches of raw skin. Rashes are a symptom of many different medical problems.

Symptoms
- Itchiness
- Skin redness
- Dry, scaly, or crusted skin that might become thick and leathery from long-term scratching
- Formation of small, fluid-filled blisters that might ooze when scratched
- Infection of the areas of broken skin

Causes
- infections
- heat
- allergens
- immune system disorders
- medication

Treatments
- a hydrocortisone cream
- avoid scratching
- an oatmeal bath

Sources
https://www.healthline.com/health/rashes
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/common-rashes
https://medlineplus.gov/rashes.html#:~:text=A%20rash%20is%20an%20area,of%20many%20different%20medical%20problems.

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What is a first degree burn?
a burn that involves the top layer of the skin

Symptoms
- redness
- dry skin
- skin that is painful to touch
- pain that lasts 48-72 hours then subside

Causes
- light burn on the outer layer of the skin, possibly caused by the exposure in the sun, hot water, or any hot objects

Treatments
1. cool the burn by immersing the burn in cool tap water or applying cold, wet compresses
2. apply petroleum jelly two to three times daily
3. cover the burn with a nonstick, sterile bandage
4. consider taking over-the-counter pain medication
5. protect the area from the sun

Sources
https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/injured-skin/burns/treat-minor-burns#:~:text=Unlike%20second%2D%20or%20third%2Ddegree,you%20may%20experience%20mild%20swelling.
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01744#:~:text=First%2Ddegree%20burns%20affect%20only,or%20lotions%20may%20be%20applied.

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What is a second degree burn?
A second-degree burn, which often looks wet or moist, affects the first and second layers of skin (epidermis and dermis). Blisters may develop and pain can be severe. Burns are tissue damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun or other radiation, or chemical or electrical contact.

Symptoms
- blisters
- deep redness
- burned area may appear wet and shiny
- skin that is painful to the touch
- burn may be white or discolored in an irregular pattern

Causes
- very hot water
- open flames
- hot objects
- sun
- chemicals
- electricity

Treatments

1. Immerse in cool water for 10 or 15 minutes.

2. Use compresses if running water isn't available.

3. Don't apply ice. It can lower body temperature and cause further pain and damage.

4. Don't break blisters or apply butter or ointments, which can cause infection.

Sources
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01757#:~:text=Second%2Ddegree%20burns%20involve%20the,and%20nonstick%20dressings%20are%20used.
https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/second-degree-burns-partial-thickness-burns
https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/thermal-heat-or-fire-burns-treatment

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What is a third degree burn?
Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

Symptoms
- dry and leathery skin
- black, white, brown, or yellow skin
- swelling
- lack of pain because nerve endings have been destroyed

Causes
- a scalding liquid
- skin that comes in contact with a hot object for an extended period of time
- flames from a fire
- an electrical source
- a chemical source

Treatments

1. Early cleaning and debriding (removing dead skin and tissue from the burned area). ...

2. Intravenous (IV) fluids containing electrolytes.

3. Intravenous (IV) or oral antibiotics if your child develops an infection.

4. Antibiotic ointments or creams.

Sources
https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/third-degree-burns
https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/burns/stages.html#:~:text=Third%2Ddegree%20(full%20thickness),the%20nerve%20endings%20are%20destroyed.
https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/third-degree-burns

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What is squamous cell carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common forms of skin cancer.

Symptoms
- a thickened, red, scaly spot that doesn't heal that appears  on parts of the body that get a lot of sun, such as the head, neck, face, hands and arms

Causes
- Fair skin
- Excessive sun exposure
- Use of tanning beds
- A history of sunburns
- A personal history of precancerous skin lesions
- A personal history of skin cancer
- Weakened immune system
- Rare genetic disorder

Treatments
- scraping it off then sealing the base of the wound with an electric needle or liquid nitrogen
- using a laser to burn the SCC away
- freezing it off
- applying creams, liquids or lotions directly onto the SCC

Sources
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/squamous-cell-carcinoma
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352480

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What is basal cell carcinoma?
Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma begins in the basal cells — a type of cell within the skin that produces new skin cells as old ones die off. Basal cell carcinoma often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin, though it can take other forms

Symptoms
- A pearly white, skin-colored or pink bump that is translucent, meaning you can see a bit through the surface
- A brown, black or blue lesion — or a lesion with dark spots — with a slightly raised, translucent border
- A flat, scaly, reddish patch with a raised edge is more common on the back or chest

Causes
- repeated and unprotected skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight

Treatments
- surgery

Sources
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20354187
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html#:~:text=Most%20basal%20cell%20and%20squamous,the%20DNA%20inside%20skin%20cells.

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What is melanoma?
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops when melanocytes (the cells that give the skin its tan or brown color) start to grow out of control. Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control.

Symptoms
- a change in the appearance of a mole or pigmented area in size, shape, or color

Asymmetry. The shape of one-half of the mole does not match the other.

Border. The edges are ragged, notched, uneven, or blurred.

Color. Shades of black, brown, and tan may be present. ...

Diameter. The diameter is usually larger than 6 millimeters (mm) or has grown in size. ...

Evolving

Causes
- exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and from tanning lamps and beds

Treatments
- surgical removal
- excision

Sources
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer/about/what-is-melanoma.html#:~:text=Melanoma%20is%20a%20type%20of,to%20grow%20out%20of%20control.
https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/melanoma/symptoms-and-signs
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/melanoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20374884#:~:text=It's%20likely%20that%20a%20combination,the%20leading%20cause%20of%20melanoma.

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What is rosacea?
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that usually affects the face. People may mistake rosacea for acne, eczema, or an allergic skin reaction

Symptoms
- lushing and redness in the center of the face
- visible broken blood vessels (spider veins)
- swollen skin
- skin may be very sensitive
- skin may sting and burn
- dry skin, roughness or scaling
- have a tendency to flush or blush more easily than other people

Causes
- exposure to sunlight
- stress
- strenuous exercise
- hot or cold weather
- hot drinks
- alcohol and caffeine
- certain foods, such as spicy foods

Treatments
- controlling signs and symptoms through good skin care and prescription drugs (examples of medication: topical drugs for reducing flushing, oral antibiotics, oral acne drug, etc)
- protecting skin as much as possible

Sources
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160281
https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/rosacea/what-is/symptoms

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What is atopic dermatitis?
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, associated with intense itching.

Symptoms
-  dry and itchy skin
- red areas or rashes on the face, inside the elbows and behind the knees

Causes
- skin barrier deficiency
- the immune system
- genetic and environmental factors

Treatments
- no cure

Sources
https://uaspharma.com/conditions-treatments/atopic-dermatitis/

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What is acne vulgaris?
Acne vulgaris is a common chronic skin disease involving blockage and/or inflammation of pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and their accompanying sebaceous gland). Acne can present as noninflammatory lesions, inflammatory lesions, or a mixture of both, affecting mostly the face but also the back and chest

Symptoms
- one or more red painful bumps may suddenly occur on the top of the skin
- these bumps may cause itching and irritation
- blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples

Causes
- overproduction of a normal oil on the skin(sebum)
-  hair follicles are blocked with dead skin cells, bacteria, and oil
-  increases of hormones

Treatments
- benzoyl peroxide or a topical retinoid
- a combination of topical medications including topical antibiotics
- tetracyclines

Sources

https://skinkraft.com/blogs/articles/acne-vulgaris-vs-acne-rosacea
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1069804-overview#:~:text=Acne%20vulgaris%20is%20a%20common,also%20the%20back%20and%20chest.
https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-acne-vulgaris-15492