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Sart, Sardis Ancient Sardis, Salihli/Manisa, Turkey

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Sardis was an important ancient city and capital of the kingdom of Lydia, located in western Anatolia, present-day Sartmustafa, Manisa province in western Turkey. Its strategic location made it a central point connecting the interior of Anatolia to the Aegean coast.

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Jerusalem has been the holiest city in Judaism and the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Jewish people since the 10th century BCE. During classical antiquity, Jerusalem was considered the center of the world, where God resided. The city of Jerusalem is given special status in Jewish religious law.

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The city of Persepolis was the symbol of the Achaemened Dynasty. It was used as the seat of the government and a showplace for festivals. The city represented the glory and power of the Achaemened Dynasty.

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Memphis, Mit Rahinah, Al Badrashin, Egypt

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Memphis was one of the oldest and most important cities in ancient Egypt, located at the entrance to the Nile River Valley near the Giza plateau. It served as the capital of ancient Egypt and an important religious cult center.

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Giza is most famous as the location of the Giza Plateau, the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples.

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During the Byzantine period, Thebes was famous for its silks. The modern city contains an archaeological museum, the remains of the Cadmea, and scattered ancient remains. Modern Thebes is the largest town of the regional unit of Boeotia.

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Babylon was a sprawling, heavily-populated city with enormous walls and mutiple palaces and temples. The Babylonian empire reached its greatest height under the leadership of Hammurabi. His great cultural contribution was the Code of Hammurabi.

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Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization.

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Ancient Egypt was one of the longest lasting civilizations in the world history -- for almost 30 centuries. Ancient Egypt was rich in culture including government, religion, arts, and writing. the civilization had a huge impact on the way people today communicatem travel, eat, dress, and more.

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The Persians were the first people to be able to control the forces of nature and domesticating animals and plants existing in the wild state in the plateau. In addition, they invented water irrigation methods called qanat to bring infiltrated groundwater, surface water, and spring water to the earth's surface using only gravitational force.

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Mesopotamia was one of the most important place for human developement. It was one of the first places to develop agriculture and was also at the crossroads of the Egyptian and the Indus Valley civilizations. This made Mesopotamia a melting pot of languages and cultures that stimulated a lasting impact on writing, technology, language, trade, religion, and law.

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Persian Gulf (also known as the Arabian Gulf)

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The Persian Gulf helped in the development of Mesopotamia by providing access to countries near and far for trade. This brought about not only exchanges in commodities, foods, and luxury items, but also exchanges in culture. Mesopotamia's extensive river system, which including the twining of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers together to become the Shatt Al-'Arab River that emptied into the Persian Gulf, trade and exchanges could more easily be conducted in the interior of the region, as well.

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The Red Sea provided the ancient Egyptians with transportation to Africa and the Far East, but trade goods were not the only things that were exchanged across the waterway. As people came in contact with each other, cultural ideas were exchanged.

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The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region. The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies.

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The Black Sea basin filled quickly in terms of geologic time shifting the marine life from freshwater type to saltwater type. In addition, the flood story of the Bible was preceded by flood epics of Mesopotamia, which could have been one of the sites settled by refugees from the Black Sea.

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Nile River, Kornish Al Nile, Tahna Al Gabal, Minya, Egypt

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Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in large part because the river's annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops. In addition, the flooding of the Nile was sustainable but not perfectly reliable, creating the belief in gods and social stratification.

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Along with the Tigris River, the Euphrates River makes up a river system that borders Mesopotamia in Fertile Crescent. Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab which empties into the Persian Gulf.

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The Tigris River bordered Mesopotamia in the Fertile Crescent and has been an important key source of irrigation, power, and travel. The Tigris River provided much of the water that supported the development of the ancient Mesopotamia culture.