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- The Canadian Arctic contains 60% of the worlds polar bear population, with about 15,000 polar bears.
- The waters are home to 222 species of fish, including 2o that are anadromous, which means they swim between salt and fresh water.
- The fish are a main source of food for most of the arctic mammals and birds.

anthropogenic concerns:
- climate change is causing waters levels to rice, ice melting, which reduces land area for mammals, and also has temperatures of water rising.

keystone species: polar bear
- They keep biological populations in balance and are used to look at the health of an ecosystem because if an apex predator is unhealthy, it means that the ecosystem is struggling.

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- The Great Barrier reef is the largest coral reef, stretching 2,600km, with 3,000 individual reefs, and 900 islands.
- This reef contains 10% of the world’s fish species with over 1500 species.
- It contains a very diverse group of organisms, with about 30 species of whale, dolphin, and porpoise, 6 species of turtle,  and 17 species of sea snake.

concerns/threats:
- coral bleaching is the result of global warning caused by mining and burning of fossil fuels. The elevated water temperatures cause the coral to bleach, and eventually die. This also impacts the organisms, as the coral is their shelter.

keystone species: coral
- because of the structure of coral, it is seen as a home for many fish and other species. It is a place where they can hide from predators and feel safe.

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-The general altitude of the alpine biome is approximately 10,000 feet or more
- Alpine biomes do not have trees; plants that can handle harsh conditions such as perennial grasses, mosses, and lichens can be found here
- generally cold, windy, and snowy
-Alpine animals can deal with the lower levels of oxygen at higher altitudes. Mountain goats, sheep, elk, beetles, grasshoppers and butterflies could be found here.

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- For most of the year, the tundra biome is a cold, frozen landscape.  It is the coldest biome.
- organisms in tundra get most of their nutrition from decaying matter around them
- there are lack of trees due to frozen soil deep beneath the snow and ice not allowing anything but shallow rooted plants to grow. The frozen soil is called permafrost.

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-in the Taiga biome, wild fires are very common, but they are necessary to get rid of old and sick trees
- the average annual rainfall in the Boreal Forest biome is approximately 33 inches
-this biome is home to 85 species of mammals, 130 species of fish, and 300 species of birds
-the soil is very thin due to the cold weather which causes the trees to have shallow roots.
- temperature can reach as low as -60 F during winters

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- average yearly rainfall between 12-35 inches
- temperature ranges from -40 F to 77 F
- Coniferous forests consist mostly of  trees that grow needles instead of leaves and cones instead of flowers, which are called conifers

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- temperate deciduous forests receive 30-60 inches of rain each year, which is ranked 2nd to the rainforest as the rainiest biome.
- black bears, wolves, and coyotes are among the more common animals that live here
- the trees provide shelter, food, and water for animals in this biome.

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Eurasian Steppe, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine

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Eurasian Steppe, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine

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- grasslands make up approximately 1/4 total land surface in the world
- grasslands are divided into two major categories (grassland and tropical grassland)
- the plants of temperate grasslands and unique because they depend on the climate and soil

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- hot dry summers and mild and rainy winters
- soil is generally poor - rocky, low in nutrients, and dry
- ranges from forests to woodlands; dominated by woody evergreen vegetation

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- extreme variation in daily temperature. High temperature can reach over 115 F

- It has an average annual precipitation of 2-6 inches.

- It's elevation ranges from 2000 feet in the southern section of the dessert and 5000 feet in the northern section.

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- One of the oldest and most significant ecosystems on the planet.
- The worlds largest known movement known as the great migration is taking place in the Serengeti (with 1.7 million wildebeest, 500,000 zebra, and 200,000 antelope
- it has a warm and dry climate most of the year, interrupted by two rainy seasons (April-May; November-December)

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Amazon Rainforest - Codajás, State of Amazonas, Brazil

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Amazon Rainforest - Codajás, State of Amazonas, Brazil

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- world's largest intact forest
- home to 10% of all plant and animal species known on Earth.
- there are approximately 40,000 species of plants, 400 mammals, and approximately 1300 different types of birds.
-stores approximately 100 billion metric tons of carbon (10 times the global emissions from fossil fuels per year.

concerns/threats:
- deforestation: humans are cutting down trees at a rapid rate, in order to make more room for raising crops, particularly soy, and cattle farming.

keystone species: Agoutis
-  brazil nut trees depend on these organisms for their strong, sharp teeth to open their  seedpods which are extremely hard, and to ensure the dispersal of their seeds. Along with hummingbirds needed for pollination, there would be no brazil nut trees in the forests of the Amazon basin with out the Agouti dispersing the seeds.