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What are arguments for getting or not getting a cochlear implant?
- For: So she will be able to hear the world
- Against: It's very invasive, and they wanted to keep her in the deaf world.
Benefits and Struggles:
Benefits: Drive, living on her own, learning a new language, new career paths, making more friends and communicating with more people, sports
Struggles: Hard to understand sometimes

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I can understand other senses

Receptor cells - olfactory/mucous membrane (epithelium)
Olfactory - receptor cells sends info to olfactory bulb to limbic system (amygdala then to hippocampus)
Not to thalamus like other senses
Gustation (taste) - different from flavor = sensory interaction
Taste buds - receptor cells for taste
5 tastes - salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami
Brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation (funny bone)
Kinesthesis - sense of body parts and positions (involved with PNS)
vestibular sense - monitors head position and movement (balance)
No one specific receptor or stimulus
Gate Control Theory - Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
- "Neurological gate" pain goes to spinal cord and then to brain
Phantom Limb - misinterpretation
Skin sensations - pressure (only skin sensation with identifiable receptors), warmth, cold, and pain

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gate-control theory - the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate"

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Conductive Deafness - problems of conducting sound wave to cochlea: why? ear drum puncture/bones can't vibrate
solution? can be repaired with hearing aids
why? hearing aids amplify frequency
Sensorinueural hearing loss - nerve deafness (hair cells), caused by loud noises, age, or genetics, or listening to head phones too loud
McGurk Effect - same sound, but different view
Tritone paradox - different preference of hearing (high low or low high)
Shepard tone illusion - brain doesn't notice drop and it sounds like it is getting higher but it is the same tone
1 Pinna - outer ear
5 Cochlea - transforms liquid noise into vibrations
2,3,4 Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup - vibrate and send sounds to cochlea
Oval window - sound vibrations are transmitted here
6 Auditory nerve - sends vibrations to brain
7 Vestibular organ - where vibrations travel through
Place Theory - Helmholtz discovered by Georg von Bekesy, ability to hear different pitches; higher frequency
Frequency Theory - vibration triggers neural to brain at same rate as sound wave (brain reads pitch from frequency)
Lower frequencies - fewer neural impulses
Higher frequencies - larger amount of neural impulses
Volley principle - neural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combines frequency for very average pitch

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audition - the sense or act of hearing
frequency - the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)
pitch - a tone's experienced highness or lowness, depends on the frequency
middle ear - the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
cochlea - a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
inner ear - the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
sensorineural hearing loss - hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
conduction hearing loss - hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
cochlear implant - a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
place theory - in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
frequency theory - in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

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gestalt - an organize whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
figure-ground - the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
grouping - the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
depth-perception - the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
visual cliff - a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
binocular cues - depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
retinal disparity - a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance-- the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
monocular cues - depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
phi phenomenon - an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
perceptual constancy - perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
color constancy - perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
perceptual adaptation - in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

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wavelength - the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
hue - the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth
intensity - the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude
pupil - the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
iris - a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
lens - the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
retina - the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
accommodation - the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
rods - retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
cones - retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
optic nerve - the nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to eye to the brain
blind spot - the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there
fovea - the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
feature detectors - nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
parallel processing - the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory - the theory that the retina contains three different color recptors-- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
opponent-process theory - the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

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perceptual set - a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
A given stimulus may trigger radically perceptions, partly because of our differing perceptual set, but also because of the immediate context
Perceptions are influence top-down
Emotions color our social perceptions
For example, hearing sad music vs. happy music can change our mood

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sensation - the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
perception - the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
bottom-up processing - analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
top-down processing - information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
selective attention - the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
inattentional blindness - failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness - failing to notice changes in the environment
transduction - conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
psychophysics - the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
absolute threshold - the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
signal detection theory - a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
subliminal - below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
priming - the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perceptions, memory, or response
difference threshold - the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (or jnd)
Weber's law - the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
sensory adaptation - diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues.
Perception - how we organize and interpret information from our senses
Gestalt - "whole" or "form", we see things as a "whole", sometimes what we see is not what is there
Rules of Perception (Gestalt):
1. Figure-Ground - We organize information into a figure against a ground
2. Proximity - Group nearby figures together
3. Similarity - Group similar figures together
Muller-Lyer Illusion - which line is the longest? - They are the same
4. Continuity - See smooth, continuous patterns
5. Connectedness - When linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit
Depth perception - 2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D, we estimate distance
Visual Cliff - Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk; baby experiment, test of depth perception, infants and toddlers, by crawling age (6 months) understand depth
Visual Constancy - perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images:
Color, Shape, Size, Location, Brightness
Color Constancy - perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination
Size Constancy - tendency distance, objects don't change size (general idea of size)
Shape Constancy - see same shape despite angle it is at
Interposition - (1 object blocks view of another so.. often referred to as superposition)
Relative size - (assumption that 2 objects are similar size) 1 closer has larger retinal image
Relative clarity aka. Areial Perspective - perception that hazy objects are father away than sharp objects
Texture gradient - coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture
Relative height - objects higher in field of vision appear farther away (vertical dimensions appear longer than horizontal dimensions) EX: St. Louis Arch
Relative motion (Motion Parellex) - movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest object appears to move faster
Linear perspective - parallel lines appear to converge in distance (people over estimate train's distance) EX: Ponzo illusion
Light and Shadow aka. Shadowing - nearby objects reflect more light into eyes (dimmer objects appear farther away)
Binocular cues - cues that require BOTH eyes
Retinal disparity - difference between sight/views of 2 eyes (ex: Pen Movement)
Convergence - cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object
Stereoscopic vision - combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception
Assumption - Closer object gets Larger
Stroboscopic Movement - motion pictures EX: cartoons flip book
Phi Phenomenon - illusion of lights (blinking off and on)
Autokinetic Illusion - perceived motion created by single stationary object (slight movement of eye muscles make object move)
Monaural cue - louder sounds means closer sound
Binaural cues - Stereophonic - Stero = multi directional audio perspective

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I can learn color theories and visual cues.
Transduction - signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through retina
Parallel processing - processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion happen at the same time)
Hubel and Weisel - cat experiment
Wavelength - the distance from one wave peak to another (light/sound)
High frequency - short wavelength - bluish colors, high pitched sounds
Low frequency - long wavelength - reddish colors, low pitched sounds
Amplitude - the height of the wave length
Large amplitude - tall wavelength - bright colors, loud sounds
Small amplitude - short wavelength - dull colors, soft sounds
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory - each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (red, green, or blue) combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves (red + green stimulation = yellow
Afterimage - when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of colors... Young-Helmhotz theory cannot explain afterimages because with afterimage you see the opposite color
Colorblindness - partial of total inability to perceive hues
Monochromats - (black and white)
Dichromats - pairs (r/g, y/b)
Trichromats - normal color vision
Color blindness involves 2 color pairs not 1 single cone. According to Young-Helmhotz color blindness should be you can't see red, green or blue ONLY... they're wrong!!!!
Oppenent-Process Theory (Hering) - three kinds of cones that all work in pairs (r/g, b/y, and b/w) paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited
Both theories are correct:
Individual cones - trichromatic theory
Oppenent cones - other layers of the retina
Surrounding Context - if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

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I can understand the parts & the path of vision.
Path:
Cornea - transparent protector, place where light enters the eye
Pupil - adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter, contracts in bright light and relaxes in dim (reflexive response)
Iris - colored part of the eye protection from damage
Lens - transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina (upside down) by changing its curvature; accommodation - lens shape changes according to distance; round - close, flat - far
Retina - inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light; blind spot - no light receptors (no cones or rods)
Blindsight - ability to respond to something not consciously perceived
Blind spot - point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptors here
Nerves:
Fovea - line of central focus, hold only cones
cones - color (fovea, detail)
rods - b/w (more rods, peripheral vision)
Optic nerve - carries visual info to the thalamus then to the occipital lobe
Optic chiasm - spot where nerves cross each other (left to right, right to left)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - area in thalamus that interprets image
Occipital lobe - sight
Bipolar cells - specialized neurons connect to rods and cones (1 axon/ 1 dendrite)
Ganglion cells - axons of these cells, made of optic nerve and sends info to thalamus specifically the lateral geniculate nucleus
2 Kinds of Ganglion Cells:
Magnocellus Cells (M cells) - detect motion
Parvocellur Cells - detect color/what item is
Acuity - ability to distinguish fine details, sharpness
transduction - light must pass through the layers of the retina

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1.) Perception is top-down
2.) Sensation is bottom-up
3.) It's based on too much expectations or not enough.
4.) Cambridge reading test - perception
5.) Orange cup - sensation (longer to do, but more accurate)
Balloon to teller - inattentional blindness - didn't see the clown
Change blindness - switching of construction workers (change in environment)

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I can understand the difference between top-down (perception) and bottom-up (sensation) processes of sensation and perception.

Senses - what you are actually perceiving
Perception - priming: what is in the environment
Sensory adaptation - EX: smelling gasoline and the smell goes down or walking into bright room and having eyes adjust