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- Tiny Earthquake
- Escaping gas
- Change in shape of volcano eg. Bulge

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- Flat
- Cover large area
- Have calderas (whereas normal volcano has crater)

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"Lahars"
Ash mixes with water from melting ice or water rain. This creates thick mud like wet cement, which flows downhill gathering stones, boulders, tree trunks and speed. This type of mudflow is known as "Lahars" and can destroy villages.
"Geyser"
Hot springs that boils and erupts again, although it is most unlikely.
"Volcanic Plug"
For example Algeria; Started as magma in vent of volcano. Over millions of years cooled over time and hardens. Soft rocks eroded leaving the plug.
"Volcanic Winters"
Long, cold winters caused by volcanic eruptions can kill plants and crops.

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- Clouds of fine ash creates breathing difficulties.
- Planes engines become clogged up with dust and ash.
- Gas - clouds of gas reflects the suns rays back into space - earth cools and changes our weather.

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Composite Volcano
-Composite volcanoes, sometimes known as strato volcanoes, are steep sided cones formed from layers of ash and lava flows.
-The eruptions from these volcanoes tend to be composed more of pyroclastic flows rather than a flow of lava.
-A pyroclastic flow is a superheated mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust. A pyroclastic flow can travel down the side of a volcano at very high speeds with temperatures over 400 degrees celsius.
-When composite volcanoes erupt they are explosive and pose a threat to nearby life and property. Eruptions are explosive due to the thick, highly viscous lava that is produced by composite cone volcanoes. This viscous lava has a lot to do with why they are shaped the way they are. The thick lava cannot travel far down the slope of the volcano before it cools.
-Composite volcanoes are usually found at destructive plate margins.
-Examples of composite volcanoes include Mount Fuji (Japan), Mount St Helens (USA) and Mount Pinatubo (Philippines).

Shield Volcanoes
-Shield volcanoes are low with gently sloping sides and are formed from layers of lava.
-Eruptions are typically non-explosive. Shield volcanoes produce fast flowing lava that can flow for many miles.
-Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle. Although these eruptions destroy property, death or injury to humans rarely occurs.
-Shield volcanoes are usually found at constructive boundaries and sometimes at volcanic hotspots.
-Examples of shield volcanoes include Mount Kilauea and Maunaloa on Hawaii.

Dome (Acid Lava Cones)
-The (acid) lava is much thicker than lava which flows from shield volcanoes.
-Dome volcanoes have much steeper sides than shield volcanoes. This is because the lava is less viscious. It cannot flow very far before ot cools and hardens.
-An example is Puy de Dome in the Auvergne region of France which last erupted over 1 million years ago.

Source
[WEBSITE] (http://goo.gl/BeiRM2) What are the different types of volcano?

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1. Magma rises through cracks or weaknesses in the Earth's crust.

2. Pressure builds up inside the Earth.

3. When this pressure is released, eg as a result of plate movement, magma explodes to the surface causing a volcanic eruption.

4. The lava from the eruption cools to form new crust.

5. Over time, after several eruptions, the rock builds up and a volcano forms.

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Pyroclastic Lava flow

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Is this guy the biggest Idiot in the world or just really dedicated?

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Is this guy the biggest Idiot in the world or just really dedicated?

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What type of lava is this?

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In 1816, summer failed to make an appearance in central Europe and people were starving. Just a year earlier, the Tambora volcano had erupted in Indonesia, spewing huge amounts of ash and sulphur into the atmosphere. As these particles partly blocked sunlight, cooling the climate, it had a serious impact on the land and the people, even in Switzerland.

Since then, volcanologists have developed more precise ideas of why super-volcanoes such as Tambora are not only highly explosive but also why they release so much sulphur into the atmosphere.

Gas bubbles tend to accumulate in the upper layers of magma reservoirs, which are only a few kilometres beneath the earth's surface, building up pressure that can then be abruptly liberated by eruption. These bubbles mainly contain water vapour but also sulphur.
Sulphur-rich eruptions
"Such volcanic eruptions can be extremely powerful and spew an enormous amount of ash and sulphur to the surface," says Andrea Parmigiani, a post-doc in the Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology at ETH Zurich. "We've known for some time that gas bubbles play a major role in such events, but we had only been able to speculate on how they accumulate in magma reservoirs."

Together with other scientists from ETH Zurich and Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), the researchers studied the behaviour of bubbles with a computer model.

The scientists used theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments to examine in particular how bubbles in crystal-rich and crystal-poor layers of magma reservoirs move buoyantly upward. In many volcanic systems, the magma reservoir consists mainly of two zones: an upper layer consisting of viscous melt with almost no crystals, and a lower layer rich in crystals, but still containing pore space.
Super bubbles meander through a maze
When Andrea Parmigiani, Christian Huber and Olivier Bachmann started this project, they thought that the bubbles, as they moved upwards through crystal-rich areas of the magma reservoirs, would dramatically slow down, while they would go faster in the crystal-poor zones.

"Instead, we found that, under volatile-rich conditions, they would ascend much faster in the crystal-rich zones, and accumulate in the melt-rich portions above" says Parmigiani.

Parmigiani explains this as follows: when the proportion of bubbles in the pore space of the crystal-rich layers increases, small individual bubbles coalesce into finger-like channels, displacing the existing highly viscous melt. These finger-like channels allow for a higher vertical gas velocity. The bubbles, however, have to fill at least 10 to 15 % of the pore space.

"If the vapour phase cannot form these channels, individual bubbles are mechanically trapped," says the earth scientist. As these finger-like channels reach the boundary of the crystal-poor melt, individual, more spherical bubbles detach, and continue their ascent towards the surface. However, the more bubble, the more reduce their migration velocity is.

This is because each bubble creates a return flow of viscous melt around it. When an adjacent bubble feels this return flow, it is slowed down. This process was demonstrated in a laboratory experiment conducted by Parmigiani's colleagues Salah Faroughi and Christian Huber at Georgia Tech, using water bubbles in a viscous silicone solution.

"Through this mechanism, a large number of gas bubbles can accumulate in the crystal-poor melt under the roof of the magma reservoir. This eventually leads to overpressurization of the reservoir," says lead author Parmigiani. And because the bubbles also contain sulphur, this also accumulates, explaining why such a volcano might emit more sulphur than expected based on its composition.

What this means for the explosivity of a given volcano is still unclear. "This study focuses primarily on understanding the basic principles of gas flow in magma reservoirs; a direct application to prediction of volcanic behaviour remains a question for the future," says the researcher, adding that existing computer models do not depict the entire magma reservoir, but only a tiny part of it: roughly a square of a few cubic centimeter with a clear boundary between the crystal-poor and crystal-rich layers.

To calculate this small volume, Parmigiani used high-performance computers such as the Euler Cluster at ETH Zurich and a supercomputer at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre in Lugano.

For the software, the researcher had access to the open-source library Palabos, which he continues to develop in collaboration with researchers from University of Geneva. "This software is particularly suitable for this type of simulation," says the physicist.

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volcanoes; natural disasters; geology; drought research; environmental issues; atmosphere; weather; air quality

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Volcanic eruptions: How bubbles lead to disaster

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In 1816, summer failed to make an appearance in central Europe and people were starving. Just a year earlier, the Tambora volcano had erupted in Indonesia, spewing huge amounts of ash and sulphur into the atmosphere. As these particles partly blocked sunlight, cooling the climate, it had a serious impact on the land and the people, even in Switzerland.

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See if you knew already!

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More than 80% of the earth's surface is volcanic in origin.

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Test yourself

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BBC Bitesize - KS3 Geography - Volcanoes - Revision 1

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Learn and revise about volcanoes, the different types and case studies showing the devastating consequences of an eruption with BBC Bitesize KS3 Geography.

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Look at the different parts of the volcano

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What do you think?

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What's The Most Dangerous Place on Earth?

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Subscribe to Vsauce. It's FREE! http://bit.ly/POIaN7 My watch is from: http://www.tokyoflash.com/ Michael Stevens on Twitter: https://twitter.com/tweetsauce Music by Jake Chudnow: https://soundcloud.com/jakechudnow Vsauce2: http://www.youtube.com/Vsauce2 Vsauce3: http://www.youtube.com/Vsauce3 Falling into lava video: http://youtu.be/kq7DDk8eLs8 Flowing lava video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAymSMrOlOQ What death by lava would actually be like: http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/12/the-right-and-wrong-way-to-die-when-you-fall-into-lava/ Where you can find a lava lake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_lake How percentage of people are still alive?

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Papa New Guinea