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Chunjing
introduction
literature review
acknowledgement+limitations
Xinli
research question
brief findings
results: interview & coding
Yemi
methodology
Phenomenon
Conclusion
Cookie
results: non-participation and participation observation
Editing
References + Appendix

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http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01737/full

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/galanty-miller/heres-the-new-holding-the_b_7317514.html

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02769.x/abstract

http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=psychfacpub

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Question for Y
(X-female Y-female)
QUESTION: When the girl holds the door open for you, what is your feeling?
RESPONSE: That is nice.
QUESTION: So it won’t hurt your feelings since you can open the door by yourself?
RESPONSE: Wow…it depends on the situation I would say. Because if someone is like in front of me and keeps the door open for me, like you know, let the door slammed, it would be rude I think.
It doesn’t matter if it’s a man or woman in front of me who holds the door. If I were in front of someone, I would also hold the door because it’s rude to let the door slammed. It doesn’t matter if it’s a woman or man.

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Work in a variety of fields has investigated gendered door-holding behaviors (Goldman, Florez, & Fuller, 1981; Parker, 1988; Walum, 1974). This work suggests that it is normative for men to hold doors open for women. For example, Renne and Allen (1976) found that men were more likely than women to hold doors open for strangers. In addition, women were more likely than men to have doors opened for them, and men were generally unlikely to have doors held for them by men or women. More recent work suggests that door holding is still a gendered behavior in which men are likely to help women (Yoder, Hogue, Newman, Metz, & LaVigne, 2002).

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https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/15tL7vrqbrfuvurjHrFrxBF4PusYrVO8pEPXdiYlzbzc/edit#gid=0

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GENDER AND THE RITUAL OF THE DOOR

INTRODUCTION

According to (Goffman, 1966); the exchange of words and glances between individuals in each other's presence is a very common social arrangement…which is a preclude to social interaction. An individual may give information through the linguistic means formally established in society for this purpose, namely, speech or recognized speech substitutes such as writing and pictorial signs or gestures. One speaks here of an individual sending messages to someone who receives them. But the individual may also give information expressively, through the incidental symptomatic significance of events associated with him. In this case one might say that he emits, exudes, or gives off information to someone who gleans it.

The information that an individual provides, whether he sends it or exudes it, may be embodied or disembodied. A frown, a spoken word, or a kick is a message that a sender conveys by means of his own current bodily activity, the transmission occurring only during the time that his body is present to sustain this activity.

When individuals come into one another's immediate presence in circumstances where no spoken communication is called for, they none the less inevitably engage one another in communication of a sort, for in all situations, significance is ascribed to certain matters that are not necessarily connected with particular verbal communications. These comprise bodily appearance and personal acts: dress, bearing, movement and position, sound level, physical gestures such as waving or saluting, facial decorations, and broad emotional expression.

Etiquette and Effort

Holding Doors for Others

1. Joseph P. Santamaria and

2. David A. Rosenbaum⇓

+Author Affiliations

1. Pennsylvania State University

2. ↵David A. Rosenbaum, Department of Psychology, 642 Moore Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 E-mail: dar12@psu.edu

Abstract

Etiquette, the customary code of polite behavior among members of a group, provides a means of conveying respect for others, but what is the basis for etiquette’s unwritten rules? Here we show that one form of etiquette, holding a door open for another person, reflects the door holder’s expectation that the person for whom he or she holds the door shares the belief that the total effort expended by the two of them will be less than the summed efforts of the two individuals acting on their own. Our observations extend recent work on effort reduction in motor control to the management of social interactions.

Received October 18, 2010.

Accepted November 22, 2010.

http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/04/15/0956797611406444.abstract

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Saturday 2:00PM
Introduction:
1.(Chunliu)Topic: Hold the door open for others in public places.
- Literature review
2. (Xinli)
- Research questions:
- How importance of research?
- Brief outline of finding
2:00 PM at noon, Library, 81 cases

Methodology
3. (Yemi)  Method reflect and aims
- Describe data  (How collected, participants' reactions, difficulty, interviews,...)
4. (Nhat) How the data are processed and analysed.

Use of pie chart
Discussion
- Phenomena, explanations.
hypothese.

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- Why do you open the door for other people? (Factors)
-  How often do you open the door for them?
- What do you expect from others after opening the door for them?
- If you don't open the door for others due to long distance, would you feel shamed?
Questions for Y
- When someone opens for you, what is your feeling? (self-esteem)

-When someone opens the door for you, do you feel obliged to do so for others?

Main focus:
- Gender
- Reactions
- Distance

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Evaluation
1.Main information

81 cases, open-62 no-19(8M,14F)

gender: X-35M, 54F  Y-43M, 51F

distance: max-5m
EDITED!!!

0.5 4/6

1 19/20

1.5 3/9

2-17/20
2.5 1/1

3-12/15

>3 1/7

reaction: basically no reaction

positive reaction needs to be specified

2.Patterns/regularities

Most people will open the door for others.

Gender may influence the behavior of opening the door for others. But there is just a small number of samples, We can't say that for sure.

When the distance is below 4 meters, people are more liable to open the door for others. And different distances won't profoundly affect the behavior. While the proportion of people who open the door for others is smaller when the distance reaches 4 meters. (Just 1 out of 7 people)

People who open the door for others and who benefit from the nice offer tend to have no reaction. Sometimes even though one of them said thank you, the other one would't respond.

3.Possible explanation and relevant concept/theory concerning patterns/regularities

-specific circumstances(time, mood, the behavior or even appearance of person behind them, etc)

-values,manners

-social psychology

4.Possible ways to conduct the following research

-find out the max distance by participant observation.

-specify and standardize the reaction

-interview and code stuff

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1. Main evaluation:
- 62 out of 81 cases are YES, accounts for 76.5%. 23.5% for NO. It shows that people tend to open the door for others after going through.
- Gender: No big difference between those. Surpringly Female X & Y seem to dominate in both situations. No gender discrimination in the sample.
- Reaction: Positive or Non reactions.
- Distance: The most dominant distance that people prefer to open the door for others are 1 meter and 2 meters, accounting for 22-24% respectively. This means people tend to open the door for other in a short and appropriate distance. When it come to very short distance, they would think the door immediatly opened for others. Whereas people tend to ignore when they stay far away from others.

Posible Research Questions:
- Whether the one's action of opening the door for others is a natural habit or unnatural (affected)?
- Does gender affect the one's action of opening the door for other people? (like Women seem to have more doors held opened for them than men?)
- Does the fact of having a door held opened affect people's self esteem? (Does this have adverse effect on men's self-esteem?)

Recommendation: Pay it forward effect? When someone opens the door for other, the next person would do the same?

Need interviews to give hypothesis about the manner of opening doors for others.

Must read: https://digest.bps.org.uk/2014/02/11/open-a-door-for-a-man-and-you-diminish-his-self-esteem-and-self-belief/
http://www.improbable.com/2014/02/17/holding-the-door-open-for-others-the-darkside/
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3359311/Best-way-beat-stress-Help-everyday-tasks-Holding-door-open-carrying-s-bags-reduce-impact-bad-day.html
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ulterior-motives/201105/why-do-you-hold-the-door-others