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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212011000200002
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/if-apes-evolved-from-monkeys-why-are-there-still-monkeys/

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652000000200005#fig1

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10479048

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856883

https://animalcorner.co.uk/animals/squirrel-monkeys/

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00324430

http://science.jrank.org/pages/6381/Spider-Monkeys.html

http://www.monkeyworlds.com/spider-monkey/

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This phylogenic tree shows the evolution and divergence of different kinds of New World Monkeys.

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5 million years old

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35 million years old

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34 million years old

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29 million years old

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47 million years old

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Charles Darwin's theory that animals evolve from one or few common ancestors shows to be true in the taxonomic group of New World Monkeys with fossil evidence pointing towards a similar structure in many ancestors from millions of years ago. Since then, different species have evolved and adapted based on their habitat and other various factors. Darwin's other theory of natural selection is displayed in New World Monkeys through their directional selection, as monkeys who have the advantage in their habitat tend to thrive and reproduce much more without the advantage. Such as having dark or light colored fur.

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Examples of micro-evolution can be found in New World Monkeys, making them unique, such as many of them having a flat nose, all of them having a gripping tail, and species such as the howler monkey having a hyoid bone, allowing it to be one of the loudest animals on the planet.

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New World Monkeys participate in non-random mating and intentionally choose their partners. Many species' stay together in separate groups based on their gender and when a male monkey is sexually mature, he will temporarily occupy the female group and engage in mating with another sexually mature female.

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New World Monkeys seem to have gone through Divergent Evolution with the evidence of their varying overall anatomies and traits. Both small and large species exist in this taxonomic group, with the squirrel monkey weighing at around 2 pounds while a spider monkey can weigh up to 24 pounds. Different species' other physical traits, such as the way they communicate or hunt for food, differentiate as well. Some monkeys communicate though physical movement while others use their mouths to make certain calls to one another.

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New World Monkeys most likely went through the process of Gradualism while evolving because of their many overlapping traits while still remaining very different from one another. Based on fossil evidence, the sizes and shape of the elongated skulls from their ancestors show striking similarities between them and showing the gradual change in many species with some having smaller and less elongated skulls.

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These different fossils show many similarities with each other, especially in the skull bone.

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Many types of New World Monkeys show biological similarities especially through the gene IRBP. This graph shows the karyotype of a species of New World Monkey.

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Both the howler Monkey and Spider Monkey have strikingly similar embryonic development, such as being in the fetal position and developing a tail.

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All New World Monkeys have the ability to use and grip objects with their tails, known as prehensile tails, while their ancestors and other current Old World Monkeys do not have this ability.

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Spider Monkeys are usually located in tropical forests from Southern Mexico to Brazil in high canopies. Weighing in at an average weight of 24 pounds, Spider monkeys are one of the largest, and most intelligent New World Monkeys. In social groups, they communicate through movement, much like sign language, and can be very verbal.
Animalia->Chordata->Mammalia->Primates->Ateidae->Ateles->Paniscus

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All three of these seemingly different New World Monkeys display their relation to each other based off of how they have adapted with certain traits. One of the more striking similarities is how they have evolved to communicate. The Squirrel Monkeys and Spider Monkeys simply communicate through using their mouth and certain sounds and calls, while the Spider Monkey has adapted to communicate through using physical movement.

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Howler Monkeys are usually located in Central and South American forests. It has one of the most unique traits of a hyoid bone, allowing it to howl at incredible volumes. The various howls themselves help the monkeys communicate with one another, and are known as one of the loudest animals in the world.
Animalia->Chordata->Mammalia->Primates->Ateidae->Alouatta->Belzebul

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Squirrel Monkeys are usually located in the tropical forests of Central and South America within the canopy layer. Their physical characteristics consist of having short, light colored brown or orange fur, with white ears and a black mouth. Their height can get up to around 25 to 35 centimeters. Instead of being used for climbing, Squirrel Monkeys use their tails for balance and communicate through a various set of vocal cords.
Animalia->Chordata->Mammalia->Primates->Cebidae->Saimiri->Sciureus