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Pancreas

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The protein digesting enzyme pepsin is activated by exposure to hydrochloric acidinside the stomach. Chief cells, also found within the gastric pits of the stomach, produce two digestive enzymes: pepsinogen and gastric lipase. Pepsinogen is theprecursor molecule of the very potent protein-digesting enzyme pepsin.

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The Stomach

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Human Physiology - Functional Anatomy of the Stomach

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"Human Physiology" is a free online course on Janux that is open to anyone. Learn more at http://janux.ou.edu. Created by the University of Oklahoma, Janux is an interactive learning community that gives learners direct connections to courses, education resources, faculty, and each other.

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HCL breaks down proteins in your stomach to prepare them for digestion and kills bacteria that enter your stomach. It converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, which is responsible for digesting proteins in yourstomach. HCL also helps digest other foods in your stomach.

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The salivary glands are exocrine glands (have ducts). The saliva that they produce contains amylase, a digestive enzymes that breaks down starch into glucose. The salivary glands consist of six different glands; the Parotid Glands, Submandibular Glands, Sublingual Glands, Minor Salivary Glands, Von Exner's Glands, and Innervation Glands. All these glands are located around the mouth and all excrete saliva.

The oral cavity includes the lips, cheeks, palate (roof of the mouth), floor of the mouth and the part of the tongue in the mouth (oral tongue). A mucous membrane lines and protects the inside of the mouth. The structures in the oral cavity play an important role in speech, taste and the first steps of digestion.

The function of the oral cavity and its structures is to begin the process of digestion. The oral cavity receives food, chews and mixes it with saliva and then begins the swallowing process.

Sources: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/oral/anatomy-and-physiology/?region=on

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Nick and Glen

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The small intestine: Is made up of three main sections Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum.

Duodenum:

- the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.
- Liver and pancreas extreet bile into the duodenum to aid in digestion.

Jejunum:

- The lining of the jejunum is specialised for the absorption using enterocytes small nutrient particles that have previously been broken down by enzymes in the duodenum. Nutrients   pass from the enterocytes to the entereroheptaic circulation and into the liver.

- The fat is absorbed into the lymphs.

Iluem

- third and final part of small intestines.  Ends at the ileocecal junction. The wall itself is made up of folds, each of which has many tiny finger-like projections known as villi on its surface.

Ileum has an extremely large surface area both for the adsorption (attachment) of enzyme molecules and for the absorbtion of products of digestion

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pancreas and gall bladder Georgia and Sasha

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pancreas and gall bladder Georgia and Sasha

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The pancreas is a long flattened gland located deep in the belly (Abdomen). One part is sandwiched between the stomach and the spine and the other part is nestled in the curve of the duodenum. The Pancreas is divided into 4 main regions: The Head, Neck, Body and Tail. It is a vital part of the digestive system and a critical controller of blood sugar levels. The bulk of the pancreas is composed of exocrine cells that produce enzymes to help with the digestion of food. These enzymes and also hormones assist in the breaking down of foods. The Pancreas has an endocrine function because it relates juices directly into the bloodstream, and releases juices into ducts.  In this function important hormones are released into the bloodstream. The two main hormones are insulin, which lows blood sugar and glucagon, which raises blood sugar levels. If your insulin levels fall to much, a build up in tissues such as the: kidneys, eyes, heart and around nerve endings. You can also get diabetes if your blood sugar levels are either to low or to high.

The gallbladder is a hollow structure located under the liver and on the right side of the body.

Function:

The primary function is to store and concentrate bile (Which is produced by the liver).

The bile helps the digestive process by breaking up fats. It drains waste products from the liver into the duodenum.

The Gallbladder serves as a reservoir for bile while its not being used for digestion. The Gallbladders absorbent lining concentrates the stored bile.

Dysfunction of the Gallbladder

Gallbladder dysfunction prevents your body from properly breaking down and using fat from food you eat. Other nutrients in the food are broken down and absorbed normally, while some of the fat remains undigested. You may experience flatulence and bloating after eating fat-containing meals. You may notice stool changes, such as diarrhea because of undigested fat in your stools. You may experience fatty, foul-smelling stools that float. The color of your stool may appear very pale, because bile salts are responsible for the brown color of normal stools.

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Stu and Anton

The large intestine is about 1.5 m long and consists of the caecum, appendix, colon and rectum - which are distributed in the abdominal cavity.

reabsorbs water and maintains the fluid balance of the body

absorbs certain vitamins

processes undigested material (fibre)

stores waste before it is eliminated.

Major function of the large intestine. The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body.

Main 3 Section are the transverse colon, the ascending colon and the descending colon.

Problems that can occur:

Colorectal cancer.

Colonic polyps - extra tissue growing in the colon that can become cancerous.

Ulcerative colitis - ulcers of the colon and rectum.

Diverticulitis - inflammation or infection of pouches in the colon.

Irritable bowel syndrome - an uncomfortable condition causing abdominal cramping and other symptoms.

Liquid remaininig in the waste products is reabsorbed into bloodstream. Solid waste leaves large intestine into rectum

Questions:

1) What are the 3 parts of the Large intestine
2) What do you called the digested food once it's gone from the oesophagus
3) Where does the chyme get transported to after going through the large intestine
4) How long is the large intestine

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Function
The liver has multiple functions, but its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat. In addition, the liver is the body's chemical "factory."

It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals the body needs to function. The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals, such as alcohol. It breaks down and secretes many drugs.

The majority of the blood flow to the liver comes from the portal vein. This situation is somewhat unique as that most organs receive their blood supply from an artery. The reason for this is that the digested nutrients from the small intestine and most of the colon drain directly into veins which connect into the portal vein. Therefore nutrients as well as the breakdown products of digestion that need to be filtered flow to the liver as a first stop before going to the rest of the organs.

Anatomical features of the liver
The liver is the largest organ in the body and contains two lobes (right and left). It is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm and behind the ribs. Blood is carried to the liver from the hepatic artery (oxygen rich blood directly from the heart) and another blood vessel, the portal vein, brings blood carrying digested food from the small intestine.
Interesting facts about the liver
- The liver is 96% water
- The liver can regenerate and rebuild itself if even as little as 25% is remaining
- The liver is of a bigger volume then the brain

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The stomach is the organ between the oesophagus and the small intestine.

Has both mechanical and chemical functions on digestion

The upper part of the smooth stomach muscle (involuntary) relaxes to allow a large volume of food to be stored

The lower muscle then contracts and to mix the food with gastric acid (mainly hydrochloric) and digestive enzymes to mix it further

The stomach then empties its contents to the small intestine