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Read about milestones, advancements, and major breakthroughs in the development of the Internet.

On July 8, 1997, Internet traffic records are broken as the NASA website broadcasts images taken by Pathfinder on Mars. The broadcast generates 46 million hits in one day.

The term "weblog" is coined. Itâ€™s later shortened to "blog."

College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer application that allows users to swap music over the Internet.
The number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million by the beginning of 1999. More than 50% are from the United States.
"E-commerce" becomes the new buzzword as Internet shopping rapidly spreads.

MySpace.com is launched.

To the chagrin of the Internet population, deviant computer programmers begin designing and circulating viruses with greater frequency. "Love Bug" and "Stages" are two examples of self-replicating viruses that send themselves to people listed in a computer user's email address book. The heavy volume of email messages being sent and received forces many infected companies to temporarily shut down their clogged networks.
The Internet bubble bursts, as the fountain of investment capital dries up and the Nasdaq stock index plunges, causing the initial public offering (IPO) window to slam shut and many dotcoms to close their doors.

America Online buys Time Warner for $166 billion. Itâ€™s the biggest merger of all time.

Napster is dealt a potentially fatal blow when the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that the company is violating copyright laws and orders it to stop distributing copyrighted music. The file-swapping company says it is developing a subscription-based service.
About 9.8 billion electronic messages are sent daily.

Wikipedia is created.

As of January, 58.5% of the U.S. population (164.14 million people) uses the Internet. Worldwide there are 544.2 million users.
The death knell tolls for Napster after a bankruptcy judge ruled in September that German media giant Bertelsmann cannot buy the assets of troubled Napster Inc. The ruling prompts Konrad Hilbers, Napster CEO, to resign and lay off his staff.

It's estimated that Internet users illegally download about 2.6 billion music files each month.
Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server-clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails. In December, President Bush signs the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act), which is intended to help individuals and businesses control the amount of unsolicited email they receive.
Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents each.

Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server-clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails.

Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents each.

Sources for this timeline include International Data Corporation, the W3C Consortium, Nielsen/NetRatings, and the Internet Society.

.com/ipa/0/1/9/3/1/6/A0193167.html

Read about milestones, advancements, and major breakthroughs in the development of the Internet.

On July 8, 1997, Internet traffic records are broken as the NASA website broadcasts images taken by Pathfinder on Mars. The broadcast generates 46 million hits in one day.

The term "weblog" is coined. Itâ€™s later shortened to "blog."

College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer application that allows users to swap music over the Internet.
The number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million by the beginning of 1999. More than 50% are from the United States.
"E-commerce" becomes the new buzzword as Internet shopping rapidly spreads.

MySpace.com is launched.

To the chagrin of the Internet population, deviant computer programmers begin designing and circulating viruses with greater frequency. "Love Bug" and "Stages" are two examples of self-replicating viruses that send themselves to people listed in a computer user's email address book. The heavy volume of email messages being sent and received forces many infected companies to temporarily shut down their clogged networks.
The Internet bubble bursts, as the fountain of investment capital dries up and the Nasdaq stock index plunges, causing the initial public offering (IPO) window to slam shut and many dotcoms to close their doors.

America Online buys Time Warner for $166 billion. Itâ€™s the biggest merger of all time.

Napster is dealt a potentially fatal blow when the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that the company is violating copyright laws and orders it to stop distributing copyrighted music. The file-swapping company says it is developing a subscription-based service.
About 9.8 billion electronic messages are sent daily.

Wikipedia is created.

As of January, 58.5% of the U.S. population (164.14 million people) uses the Internet. Worldwide there are 544.2 million users.
The death knell tolls for Napster after a bankruptcy judge ruled in September that German media giant Bertelsmann cannot buy the assets of troubled Napster Inc. The ruling prompts Konrad Hilbers, Napster CEO, to resign and lay off his staff.

It's estimated that Internet users illegally download about 2.6 billion music files each month.
Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server-clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails. In December, President Bush signs the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act), which is intended to help individuals and businesses control the amount of unsolicited email they receive.
Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents each.

Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server-clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails.

Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents each.

Sources for this timeline include International Data Corporation, the W3C Consortium, Nielsen/NetRatings, and the Internet Society.

.com/ipa/0/1/9/3/1/6/A0193167.html

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Read about milestones, advancements, and major breakthroughs in the development of the Internet. 1969 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) goes online in December, connecting four major U.S. universities. Designed for research, education, and government organizations, it provides a communications network linking the country in the event that a military attack destroys conventional communications systems. 1972 Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson, a Cambridge, Mass., computer scientist.

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Morse Code & the Telegraph - Inventions - HISTORY.com

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Find out more about the history of Morse Code & the Telegraph, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com

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Journalism in the first half of the 1800s.

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National Constitution Center - The 1st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

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The 1st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

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https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/nellie-bly-0

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By: Arlisha R. Norwood, NWHM Fellow; Updated by: Mariana Brandman, NWHM Predoctoral Fellow in Women’s History | 2020-2022

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Nellie Bly became a star journalist by going undercover as a patient at a New York City mental health asylum in 1887 and exposing its terrible conditions in the New York World. Her reporting not only raised awareness about mental health treatment and led to improvements in institutional conditions,…

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The Associated Press is a global, not-for-profit news cooperative. Discover more about our global, historical, multiformat and innovative coverage at AP.org.

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Check out this reproduction of the first radio broadcast!

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First Radio Broadcast  Christmas Eve 1906

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"Edward Roscoe Murrow" - the significance of this name in broadcast journalism cannot be overlooked for those who are remotely interested in the topic. Following the advent of FM radio in 1935, Murrow was assigned by CBS -the largest radio network in the United States at the time - as director of talks. But it wasn't until his move to London in 1937 to become the network's chief correspondent for Europe that he became a household name. Having gathered the best group of reporters to work with (famously known as " Murrow's Boys ") he oversaw the creation of what we know today as foreign news broadcasting.

Radio news broadcasts did exist prior to Murrow's famous words "This... is London" having permeated America's airwaves in 1937 and capturing the minds of its people but was only ever limited to 15-minute or two 5-minute daily broadcasts where local commentators reflected on local news. This was also largely entertainment-based as it was during the Depression and people turned to the radio to escape - either that, or commentators merely recited the headlines of newspapers. Murrow's program would be the first time a reporter in the field would produce a daily national broadcast through communicating with a central New York City anchor.

Reporting on the war from beleaguered London through his program World News Roundup, his cogent outlook teamed with his mastery of language influenced Americans to believe in a war they did not want nor think was worth meddling in. His report on the Nazi concentration camp in Buchanwald was one of many broadcasts that hold considerable historical significance in broadcast journalism until this day.

In a survey then taken in 1940, 65% of respondents had stated that radio was their preferred source of news and Murrow's audience had grown to 22 million, including President Roosevelt and his cabinet. Then in September of 1940 - the month of London's bombing by the Germans, the percentage of Americans voting to aid Britain raised from 16 to 52. As a result, Murrow's journalistic career failed to meet its match in the generations that followed whilst his peers continued to emulate his style for decades onwards.

TELEVISION IS BORN

When Murrow arrived back in New York City in 1941, to his surprise, he'd become a star and was immediately approached to host a weekly television program. Television was still in its infancy and hadn't established a news program until Meet The Press ended up debuting on NBC in 1947 (this also ended up being the longest-running show in television history). However, Murrow's program See It Now aired soon after in 1951 and continuously broke new ground in its field whilst being considered the most innovative program of its era. It presented stories of ordinary people into powerful commentaries about social and political issues. His "Boys", Joseph Wershba, Charles Collingwood and David Schoenbrun - who became respected broadcast journalists in their own right - also used crafty editing features in their reports for the show. Their work consisted largely of unscripted interviews and effective "crosscuts" where fragments of lengthier interviews were arranged in order to flow with the narrative and have sharper focus - things that became standard features of television journalism.

MOST NOTABLE EVENTS IN TV NEWS COVERAGE

In 1963, the Kennedy assassination was what thrust the spotlight on television as the new best way to consume current affairs. As the tragedy unfolded in front of the nation, it demonstrated how television could show the shooting and moment-to-moment action that neither newspapers nor the radio could.

In 1968, despite the ensuing political onslaught, CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite strayed from traditional journalistic reporting and spoke wholeheartedly in the evening news broadcast about how the war wasn't winnable.

In 1979 when 52 Americans were captured by Iranian militants from Tehran's U.S. Embassy, television viewers needed extensive information beyond regular network's evening newscasts. This prompted ABC to create a late-night news program called Nightline. Unlike shows like 60 Minutes, it was produced every day with live coverage accessed via new satellite technology. It was the first time viewers could get interviews and further analysis on the day's top stories.

1986 was the year that children witnessed the launch of NASA's Challenger and experienced the tragedy of live television. It unexpectedly exploded whilst carrying its first private citizen, teacher Christa McAuliffe. The lesson of media here was that anything live cannot be edited or filtered thus can be heartbreaking.

The O.J. Simpson trial in 1994 took place in Los Angeles, allowing for all the right tools to be accessed for extensive coverage. Millions of viewers watched as cameras were allowed in the courtrooms and live helicopter photographs allowed for snaps of Simpson fleeing the crime scene. The "Trial of the Century" would have been merely a footnote in sports and entertainment history if not for television journalism.

The 9/11 attacks significantly changed how news is covered. Ever since the color-coded terror alert system was changed, rumors of violence or attacks are reported if they have any inkling of credibility; even after the system retired in 2011. Because of this, journalists have had to re-interpret their classification of reportable news versus rumor, which still remains today.

Following the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting and the ubiquitous nature of the Internet, social media changed the way the world saw coverage of breaking news. Professional journalism wasn't necessary to produce live and raw content and thus citizen journalism began.

TOP TELEVISION JOURNALISTS IN BROADCASTING HISTORY

1952 was the year that a man named Walter Cronkite (who was hired by Murrow but refused to be one of his "Boys") became the first ever "anchor" as he hosted CBS' Democratic and Republican conventions. He would go on to become America's most recognizable and trusted television journalists after covering some of the most controversial and monumental historical events of the century.

Chet Huntley and David Brinkley co-host The Huntley-Brinkley Report as it debuts on NBC in October 1956. This evening newscast becomes critically-acclaimed with its innovative broadcast style as it cut between Huntley in New York and Brinkley in Washington D.C.

NBC's Today Show hired Barbara Walters in 1961 as a researcher and writer, who then went on to become the "Today Girl". She eventually went on to write and edit her own stories, all the while receiving little respect from her male colleagues. It was only after her co-anchor Frank McGee's death in 1974 that she even received official recognition as a "co-host".

Jim McKay, a sports journalist on the ABC's Wide World of Sports became the face of the 1972 Munich Olympics' hostage crisis. He reported for 16 hours on the events as they unfolded with a disastrous end.

In 1984, Oprah Winfrey began hosting an ABC affiliate's morning show called A.M. Chicago. The show outscored Phil Donahue's popular talk show ratings within 3 months, allowing her to then embark on the Oprah Winfrey Show.

In an incredible rise to the top, Peter Jennings became the youngest anchor for ABC Evening News at just 27 years old. He was named "best anchor" in '88,'90 and '92 by the Washington Journalism Review and has won several Overseas Press Club and Emmy awards.

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A Brief Look at the History of Broadcast Journalism

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"Edward Roscoe Murrow" - the significance of this name in broadcast journalism cannot be overlooked for those who are remotely interested in the topic. Following the advent of FM radio in 1935, Murrow was assigned by CBS -the largest radio network in the United States at the time - as director of talks.

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Introduction: Duncan Kuehn is a professional genealogist with over eight years of client experience. She has worked on several well-known projects, such as "Who Do You Think You Are?" and researching President Barack Obama's ancestry. In this blog post, Duncan writes about the short-lived history of the first newspaper in America - which was shut down by the authorities after printing its first and only issue. The History of the First Newspaper in America
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick was the first American newspaper published. Previously a few broadsides had been published in the colonies, but these were single-sided sheets of news or announcements meant to be posted in a public place. Publick Occurrences was the first real newspaper, consisting of three pages of news intended for individual consumption. This newspaper is a fascinating study of early North American life and times.

The editor, Benjamin Harris, had published a newspaper and other material in London, but ran afoul of the authorities and was twice jailed for his "seditious" pamphlets - so in 1686 he immigrated to the American colonies. He enlisted the help of a local printer, Richard Pierce, and together they produced their four-page newspaper on 25 September 1690 in Boston. It was about six inches by ten inches and the last page was blank.

Harris and Pierce used the first few column inches of the new paper to explain their reasons and hopes for creating it. They intended to provide "an Account of such considerable things as have arrived unto our Notice" for three reasons:
A Day of Thanksgiving

"That Memorable Occurrences of Divine Providence may not be neglected or forgotten, as they too often are."

"That people every where may better understand the Circumstances of Publique Affairs, both abroad and at home; which may not only direct their Thoughts at all times, but at some times also to assist their Businesses and Negotiations."

"That some thing may be done towards the Curing, or at least the Charming of that Spirit of Lying, which prevails amongst us, wherefore nothing shall be entered, but what we have reason to believe is true, repairing to the best fountains for our Information."

The first article was about the "Christianized Indians in some parts of Plimouth" having "newly appointed a day of Thanksgiving to God for his Mercy in supplying their extream and pinching Necessities." It went on to opine that: "Their Example may be worth Mentioning."
Suicide after Wife's Death
This was an excellent beginning article for the new paper, a nice human interest story which caused no controversy. It will be remembered that in 1690, there was no independent nation and no national Thanksgiving holiday in North America. However, the colonists and their Christianized Indian allies observed periodic days of thanksgiving.
Small Pox Ravages Boston
For the genealogist, this paper is full of stories of importance. For example, one front page article relates the story of an older resident of Watertown who committed suicide after the death of his wife. This man "had long Enjoyed the reputation of a Sober and a Pious Man; having newly buried his Wife, The Devil took advantage of the Melancholy which he thereupon fell into." Despite the efforts of his friends to protect him, he slipped away one night and hanged himself. His name was not mentioned, but it might be possible to discover his identity using the clues given in the old newspaper article.

There are stories about illness, including one about small-pox that had recently ravaged Boston:

The Small-pox which has been raging in Boston, after a manner very Extraordinary, is now very much abated. It is thought that far more have been sick of it than were visited with it, when it raged so much twelve years ago, nevertheless it has not been so Mortal. The number of them that have dyed in Boston by this last Visitation is about three hundred and twenty, which is not perhaps half so many as fell by the former [visitation].

Inferno Engulfs Town
Again, no names are mentioned, but it may provide clues on ancestors affected by this calamity.
Children Taken as Indian Captives
Another story tells of a fire that took the life of one boy and destroyed five or six homes and a rare and valuable printing press: "...[one] of those few that we know of in America, was lost; a loss not presently to be repaired."
French vs. English
Another story is about two Chelmsford children, ages 11 and 9, kidnapped by the hostile Indians. While these stories don't mention the individuals by name, they can provide clues for identifying individuals you may already know something about from other records. In addition, these stories can provide an incredible look into the life and times of the residents of Boston. What were they most concerned with? What was life like? How did they adapt to their circumstances? And so on.

There is another story about an English ship that put in at the wrong port and was attacked by the French and their Indian allies, with one member of the crew escaping. Although the French and Indian War did not officially begin until 1754, we see in these 1690 reports that clashes between the French and English - and their respective Indian allies - were common.

In fact, the majority of this inaugural (and, as it turned out, only) issue of Publick Occurrences's articles address the ongoing fighting. They graphically describe the various conflicts with a remarkable nonpartisanship, with blame assigned to both the French and English, as well as their Indian allies. As a British citizen, Harris could justify a printed attack on the French and their Indian allies. He reports how the French Canadians even annihilated some loyal Indian allies after a misunderstanding. He grows bold in reprinting a letter which gave news from the Caribbean and accuses the French king of an incestuous relationship with his daughter-in-law.
Only One Issue Ever Printed
Somewhat surprisingly, Harris also uses his newspaper to criticize the English - both for their own actions, and for not better restraining their Indian allies. He reports how some of the British forces' Indian allies "returned with some Success, having slain several of the French, and brought home several Prisoners, whom they used in a manner too barbarous for any English to approve." Harris also reports a story about the English Captain Mason, who "cut the faces, and ript the bellies of two Indians, and threw a third Over board in the sight of the French."

Although Harris and Pierce stated that their intent was to publish their new newspaper once a month "or if any Glut of Occurrences happen, oftener," the inaugural issue of the Publick Occurrences newspaper was also the last. The British authorities discovered the paper and moved quickly to suppress it.

And so the very first U.S. newspaper ran right into issues of press censorship and freedom of speech. Just four days after Publick Occurrences was published, the "Governour & Council" issued an order in which they "do hereby manifest and declare their high Resentment and Disallowance of said Pamphlet [i.e., newspaper], and Order that the same be Suppress'd and called in." The official reasoning was that Harris had not applied for and obtained the proper licenses. However, the authorities were most likely unhappy with Harris's opinions and criticisms, as mild as they may seem to the modern reader.

While not mentioning very many names, America's first newspaper is fascinating to read. It provides a colorful description of what Bostonians and people in the original colonies were experiencing, what they cared about, and what trials they faced. It gives tantalizing clues about the early colonists and their lives, and is a good resource for anyone researching their ancestors during the early colonial period in American history.
Related Colonial America Articles:
Publick Occurrences is just one of the rare early colonial newspapers available in GenealogyBank's Historical Newspaper Archives, which houses more than 6,500 newspaper titles online. GenealogyBank can help you learn more about your ancestors in early America; see what's inside the archives on your ancestors' stories. Start your 30-day trial now!

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First American Newspaper: Publick Occurrences

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Introduction : Duncan Kuehn is a professional genealogist with over eight years of client experience. She has worked on several well-known projects, such as "Who Do You Think You Are?" and researching President Barack Obama's ancestry.

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From the first newsreels to the advent of the Internet, the 20th century will be remembered for the birth, evolution and impending demise of "modern," mainstream journalism. While this site concentrates on American journalists and news services, the contributions from other parts of the world also are recognized.