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In the Reformation, members of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state.

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During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews

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Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

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a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

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(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.

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5.	What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas? (SOL WHII 3.c)

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5.	What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas? (SOL WHII 3.c)

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Role of the printing press
• Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
• The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.
• These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance.

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4.	What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation? (SOL WHII 3.c)

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4.	What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation? (SOL WHII 3.c)

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Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies
• Growth of secularism
• Growth of individualism
• Eventual growth of religious tolerance

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3.	What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation? (SOL WHII 3.b)

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3.	What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation? (SOL WHII 3.b)

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Reformation in Germany
• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

Reformation in France
• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Catholic Reformation
• Dissenters prior to Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe
• Counter-Reformation:
– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.
– The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
– The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

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2.	What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I? (SOL WHII 3.a)

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2.	What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I? (SOL WHII 3.a)

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Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)
• Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God
• Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church

John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)
• Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic
• Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement

King Henry VIII
• Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
• Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Queen Elizabeth I
• Anglican Church
• Tolerance for dissenters
• Expansion and colonialism
• Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)

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1.	 What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity? (SOL WHII 3.a)

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1.	 What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity? (SOL WHII 3.a)

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Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome
• Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.
• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.