# data[].attributes.body
List the FIVE 'Accessibility Characteristics': 1. Socio economic Status 2. Cultural background 3. Age 4. Gender 5. Physical ability

# data[].attributes.body
5 Accessibility characteristics:

Socioeconomic Status (SES)- An economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation. People in the category of Low (SES) are more likely to have low income, little education and will have strong predictors of a range of physical and mental problems.

Physical Ability: Is the ability to perform some physical act; contrasting with mental ability. It also incorporates physical fitness therefore is quite a large category. It has a huge impact on accessing outdoor experiences. Depending on a person’s physical ability, this will influence the range of outdoor experiences available to them. A person’s physical ability can range from low to high. It is impacted by factors such as level of fitness, physical disability, strength, obesity, etc. Physical ability refers to a person’s ability to perform some type of physical action. This can refer to general fitness, mobility difficulties, sight impairment etc. E.g you need strength to get up on a surfboard.

Age: the length of time someone or something has lived for. It is generally accepted that as we age we will become weaker after hitting our suggested peak of fitness by the time we are 27. Thus, as we become older some outdoor experiences may be harder to access.

Gender- Gender refers to the range of physical, mental and behavioural characteristics that a society or culture use to distinguish males from females. In Australia it is considered normal for women and men to go bushwalking together or go the beach together, whereas in many other countries women have their own beaches. Dubai for example, where imprisonment will be enforced if males are found within the vicinity

Cultural background- Cultural background constitutes the ethnic, religious, racial, gender, linguistic or other socioeconomic factors and values that shape an individual’s upbringing. A cultural background can be shaped at the family, societal or organisational level. It can affect a persons access to outdoor experiences for example, Islamic culture where females cannot swim in front of males as it’s against their cultural norm

# data[].attributes.body
REAL RISK: The amount of risk which actually exists at any given moment in time, often associated with experienced people.
PERCEIVED RISK: Individuals subjective assessment of the real risk present at any given moment. Often associated with inexperienced people.

# data[].attributes.body
Low access- A snow trip, Snow boarding, people go less because expensive

Middle access- Average pay access, Surfing, skydiving

High access- People are more likely to go because its for free e.g beach, some camps

# data[].attributes.body
Try and do less pollution as possible when camping or out in the outdoor environments

# data[].attributes.body
The recognition of value, significance and enjoyment of the good qualities of someone or something.

# data[].attributes.body
Using the environment for personal/financial gain.
eg) Loggers, miners, tourism.

# data[].attributes.body
Nature is something that has come naturally and not man made

# data[].attributes.body
Places deemed so significant for humans and for environmental protection that they are given a status beyond the boarders of a state or country.

# data[].attributes.body
Fear -An unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat

# data[].attributes.body
RESOURCE – using the environment for personal / financial gain.

For example loggers, miners, fisheries (large scale), tourism industry, non-indigenous settlers, during the gold rush

The environment has always provided resources for human survival.

From our hunter-gather lifestyle to current practices like LARGE scale mining.
RECREATION – typically using the environment for enjoyment, amusement or pleasure and is considered ‘fun’ by the participant.

It can include passive (bird watching), active (rock climbing), and educational activities (our O&ES trips).
ADVENTURE – exciting, risky or daring experience that is in some was hazardous or dangerous in nature.

Usually involves the individual challenging themselves against nature.
SPIRITUAL CONNECTION – people who have a deep relationship and bond with outdoor environments.

Indigenous people are an example of people having a spiritual connection with natural environments.
STUDY SITE: location or place where investigation, analysis and other activities occur in the pursuit of knowledge.

Outdoor environments can be experienced as study sites for both scientists and students.

Geologists, ecologists, archaeologists, anthropologists, botanists and agriculturalists are just some of the scientists who study outdoor environments in order to better understand them.

# data[].attributes.headline
Merna- Motivations for Outdoor Experiences 

# data[].attributes.subject
Merna- Motivations for Outdoor Experiences 

# data[].attributes.body
Definiton of Motivation
Motivation is described as the driving force or reasoning behind a persons desire to do something.

Intrinsic Motivation
Motivations we get from within ourselves

Extrinsic Motivation
Motivations we get from outside ourselves, which as external to us.

Motivations can be places in 5 categories - MR TAG

Museum- Using the Outdoor Environment as a way of looking back into the past or as preserving what was here
Example- Archaeologists, World Heritage listed areas, Indigenous rock art

Resource- Using the environment for financial gain i.e. to make money
Example- loggers, miners, farmers,tourisms,operators

Temple- Using the environment as a place of spiritual significance
Example- Indigenous people, naturalists, conservations, " tree huggers"

Adversary- Using the environment as a challenge, something to defeat, overcome, conquer.
Example- Mountaineers, rock climber, explorers

Gymnasium- Using the environment as a place of recreation for exercise and enjoyment
Example- surfing, bushwalking,snowboarding etc.

# data[].attributes.body
The use and meanings of relevant terms:

Nature

The living things, the ecosystems and the process that form them, and the places in which we find them. E.g the forest

Outdoor environments

Those environments that have minimal influence from humans, but may also include those that have been subject to human intervention. E.g The beach

Wilderness

An environment that is big, remote and untouched, or relatively untouched, by humans. (remote is away from urban areas) e.g Waterfall

Managed parks

Areas such as national parks, state parks, marine parks and heritage areas that are protected, preserved and managed by humans. E.g lake

Urban/built environments

Areas of permanent infrastructure designed to support higher population densities such as cities and towns

What is a natural environment as opposed to an unnatural environment?

Something that is natural is said to occur ‘ out there’ somewhere or comes from nature itself. Unnatural usually refers to an object or process that humans have influenced in some way.

Personal responses to risk in outdoor experiences; including perceived risk and real risk

Real Risk: The amount of risk which actually exists at a given moment in time. Often associated with experienced people. Something you cant control e.g waves, comes from the natural environment.

Perceived Risk: Individual’s subjective assessment of the real risk present at any time. Often associated with inexperienced people. Edge of a diving board

Minimal impact

You should have minimal impact on the environment as possible. When you leave a natural area making sure that you collect your rubbish after you leave, if you have a barbecue not leaving the coal all around the floor and if you used a tent taking all the equipment with you. The environment should be left how it was. Leaving the environment how you find it and not taking anything but photos

List and explain minimal impact strategies that you could employ

1. Dispose of waste properly- taking your rubbish with you so animals don't mistake it for food and die also so the environment looks clean and safe

2. Making sure that you don't bury your waste near the river or creek

3. Taking your hiking equipment with you and not leaving anything behind.

4. Leave what you find, nothing has been touched or harmed: Placing the animals and natural habitat in harms ways. Getting them away from harm.

Factors Effecting Perceived Risk:

Fear of the unknown

Experience level

Confidence level

Knowledge of the situation

Mood

6. WAYS OF KNOWING NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS ‘E EN ESE’

Experiential Knowledge

Formed through personal experiences which then form ideas and notions concerning a particular area. Can also be through an external experience source such as books, TV, etc.

Environmental and Natural History

Knowledge of general or specific environmental history such as changes to that landscape and the animals that inhabit it. Includes basic understanding of what has occurred in a specific environment throughout a period of time. E.g Uluru

Social and Economic

Economic- What the natural environment can hold in terms of resources and income opportunities such as tourism or primary industry. Access to the natural environment in terms of cost to an individual or organisation also effects the ways of knowing a certain environment. Consideration of how far it is to travel to, fees for use of the area (camping grounds, recreational activities etc.) e.g commercial fishermen

Social: The human interaction with an environment, if the experience involves risk taking through certain activities or interaction with other people in the natural environment.

Ecological

Concerning biological sciences and the science that exists within the different ecosystems along with the interrelationship of all living organisms. Habitats