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Before society understood mental health, individuals with more "severe issues" were unfortunately locked away from civilization. Even those with mild to moderate mental health diagnoses were placed in hospitals and separated from the outside world. People seemed to fear mental health issues rather than try to understand how they can help.

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Each force signifies a new wave of thinking and developments in regards to counseling and psychotherapy. The initial movement was led by Sigmund Freud in the 19th century. He coined the idea that one's past experiences weigh heavily on the unconscious emotional processes of daily life. Although his approach was not perfect, he essentially began the psychotherapy movement and paved the way for many more contributors.

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Researchers B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum  continued working towards new idea about the ways in which human's process emotions, thoughts, and ideas. The second force integrated cognitive and behavioral functions of the mind. From the 1970's until the 1990's, counseling and psychotherapy clinicians focused much of their practices and intervention techniques on ways to decrease "dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors" and introduce positive "replacement thoughts and actions".

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Despite the numerical order of the forces, the third forces actually emerged prior to the the cognitive-behavioral approaches. Carl Roger's introduced existential-humanistic psychotherapy in 1960's. His work, coupled with the findings of Fritz Perls and Viktor Frankl advocated that an individual can in fact find the true meaning of life through the control of their emotions and sensations.  Clients must be encouraged to take charge of their own success.

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According to Seligman & Reichenberg we are now entering the fourth force in the 21st century. It is a combination of all previous theories, taking with it the best of each. This current force emphasizes individuality as well as culturally competence and the ability of a counselor to hold and respect various perspectives. The fourth forces motivates clients to rely on self-efficacy by making a conscious effort to control their own "emotions. perceptions, and behaviors."

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Seligman, L. W. & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.