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-The New Humanism
~Renaissance writers and thinkers could focus only on their work and not have to worry about having “mainstream” jobs in their society.

~The appreciation of physical beauty and man’s accomplishments

-Princes could do whatever necessary unethical or not according to Machiavelli

-Religion was a common inspiration for artists

~The inspirations that these artists took were humanized to make them more relatable.

-Michelangelo’s David in the Sistine Chapel

-Perspective painting became popular and was used to make a more natural art

-“The Divine Comedy”

~Written by Dante Alighieri

~First important literary work

~Imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven

-Printing press was invented making literature more accessible

-Sailing and discovering

~North and South America created new wealth for the old world
~Other countries set discoveries in motion even though the renaissance started in Italy.

-Columbus

-Galileo, Copernicus, and Kepler

~Sun is center of the solar system

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-Teatro Olimpico

~The oldest theatre from the Italian Renaissance that is still standing.

~Andrea Palladio started it, but Vincenzo Scamozzi got the job done.

~First performance there was King Oedipus
~3,000 seats

~Stage is 70ft by 18ft and raised

~Structure was inspired by Romans

-The Theatre at Sabbioneta

~250 seats

~No fixed seating

~Mini Teatro Olimpico besides the vista

~Vista: Perspective scene painted on sides and back of stage area

-Teatro Farnese

~3,500 seats

~Most renowned theatre of its time

~Raised horseshoe seating

~Semicircle orchestra

~Proscenium Arch (not the first, but the most notable)

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-Tragedies and Comedies

~Sacra Rappresentazioni

-Based on saints and stories of the Bible

-A religious drama in a medieval style

~Renewal on interest in classical interest dramatic traditions pulled inspiration from:

1. A revival of noted scholars’ Greek teachings

2. In 1453 after the fall of Constantinople, the transfer of surviving Greek and Roman manuscripts to Italy

3. Publishing the plays of Euripides, Horace, Sophocles, Aeschylus, and Aristophanes

4. The dispersal of Aristotle’s and Horace’s writings

-Intermezzi and Pastorals
~Intermezzi:
-Shown between acts of full length plays
-Portrayed myths
-Short
-Related to the plays that they were shown with
-Sometimes needed elaborate scenic elements
~Pastorals:
-Was a lot like the Satyr Play of the Greeks
-Short
-Comedic and followed tragedies
-Usually about love and weren't as sexual as satyr plays

-Operas
~Only surviving form of the Italian Renaissance
~Florentine academy came at the end of 16th century
~Public opera houses in the 17th century
~Earliest operas based on Greek tragedy and ancient history

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The Liar; a comedy in three acts

Lelio (The Liar) lies his way into the hearts of two daughters of Doctor Balanzone, Beatrice and Rosaura.  Who are both in love with two men themselves, Florindo (a shy lover of Rosaura) and Ottavio (the love of Beatrice). During the antics of Lelio, his fateful servant Arlecchino, attempts his own wooing of the servant Columbina. Only to lose out to Brighella in the end. Lelio's lies continue to get him into deeper and deeper trouble as the play goes on and he even gets in trouble with his father Pantalone. Only to find out at the end of the play that he was actually playing everyone and it is revealed at the end of the play that he betrothed a women on his adventure to Rome.

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· Carlo Goldoni was born February 25, 1707 in Venice. He did everything everywhere for forty years. He was an advocate, Candidate for Holy Orders, Coadjutor of the Criminal Chancellor, Clerk of Procurator, Consul of the Republic of Genoa at Venice, a writer, compiler of almanacks, and once nearly a monk.

· Goldoni wanted to create new characters for Italians to see and hear.

· He was considered the best sense of the phrase “a respectable little Venetian gentleman.”

· He substituted the commedia dell’ arte (drama of improvisation) with a fully elaborated Molière inspired character play.

· Practiced as a physician in Perugia and Rimini

· Ran away from Rimini with a theatre troupe

· Studied law in Venice

· Was later a clerk of the criminal court in Chioggia

- By the time, he was doing that he had started his composition of plays

· He then settled in Venice with a degree in law, practicing as an advocate, and continuing his literary works.

· Not long after he went to the diplomatic services staying in Milan and Genoa.

· Then for whatever reason went to Northern Italy and settled in Pisa for his longest stay of five years to focus on the law.

· In 1746, he was the dramatic poet to S. Angelo theatre in Venice.

-Wrote many comedies while there

· Later made a similar appointment with the Venetian theatre of San Luca.

· Became the tutor to Louis XV’s daughters forcing him to remain in France

· He produced two important comedies while in Paris: “Bourru Bienfaisant” (Good Silly) and “Avare Fastueux” (Mournful Miser).

· Has about 150 plays.

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- Masks
- Professional actors would specialize in one specific stock role and continue in that role until the end of their career or, in some cases, until they grew too old for the role.
- It would be done in the style of a Commedia Dell' Arte having most of the stock characters present

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Commedia Dell'Arte. Scaramuccia. Cie. Théâtre Dell'Arte

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Doctor Balanzoni: A Bolognese doctor resident in Venice.

Rosaura and Beatrice: His daughters.

Colobina: Their maid.

Ottavio: A fine gentleman of Padua, lover to Beatrice.

Florindo: A Bolognese medical student, living in the Doctor's house, and timid lover of Rosaura.

Brighella: His confidant.

Pantalone: A Venetian merchant, Leilo's father.

Lelio: The Liar.

Arlecchino: His servant.

A Neapolitan Driver.
A Drapper's Assistant.
A Letter Carrier.
A Singing Woman.
Instrumentalists.
Peota Boatmen and Gondoliers.

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- Lying (duh)
- Lelio bases his whole life on lying to get his way and to get out of any unfortunate situation he may find himself in.
- Although lying is the main theme of the play and the main tactic of the main character, it is his ultimate demise and Lelio ends up being caught and with nothing in the end.

- Greed
- Lelio is obsessed with getting anything and everything he wants. As mentioned above, he uses lying as his tactic to get the things/people he is after.

- Lust
- Lelio lusts after Rosaura and Beatrice through the whole play, using lying (surprise surprise) to try and court them and win at least one of them over.
- Lelio is not the only one lusting though. Arlecchino lusts after Colombina because he wants be like Lelio and lie his way into getting the things he wants.
~ This could be representative of envy as a less prominent sub theme.