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Economic Cost
Cost on the health system was estimated to be at least $7.9 billion in 1998- $4.7 billion in care, and $3.2 billion in disability and early death.

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Physical inactivity

Globally, around 31% of adults aged 15 and over were insufficiently active in 2008 (men 28% and women 34%). Approximately 3.2 million deaths each year are attributable to insufficient physical activity.

In 2008, prevalence of insufficient physical activity was highest in the WHO Region of the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In both these regions, almost 50% of women were insufficiently active, while the prevalence for men was 40% in the Americas and 36% in Eastern Mediterranean. The South East Asian Region showed the lowest percentages (15% for men and 19% for women). In all WHO Regions, men were more active than women, with the biggest difference in prevalence between the two sexes in Eastern Mediterranean. This was also the case in nearly every country.

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http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/issues/prevention-and-early-intervention-mental-health

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injuries are sports injuries, falls, motor vehicle accidents (where the child is either riding as a passenger in the car or is struck as a pedestrian), or a result of child abuse. are more common.

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1 in 5 people in Canada will experience mental health problem or illness. Approximately 8% of adults will experience major depression at some in their lives.
cmha.ca

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A lack of exercise could be killing twice as many people as obesity in Europe, a 12-year study of more than 300,000 people suggests.

University of Cambridge researchers said about 676,000 deaths each year were down to inactivity, compared with 337,000 from carrying too much weight.

They concluded that getting everyone to do at least 20 minutes of brisk walking a day would have substantial benefits.

Experts said exercise was beneficial for people of any weight.

Obesity and inactivity often go hand in hand.

However, it is known that thin people have a higher risk of health problems if they are inactive. And obese people who exercise are in better health than those that do not.

The study, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, attempted to tease out the relative dangers of inactivity and obesity.

Obese v inactive

Researchers followed 334,161 Europeans for 12 years. They assessed exercise levels and waistlines and recorded every death.

"The greatest risk [of an early death] was in those classed inactive, and that was consistent in normal weight, overweight and obese people," one of the researchers, Prof Ulf Ekelund told BBC News.

He said eliminating inactivity in Europe would cut mortality rates by nearly 7.5%, or 676,000 deaths, but eliminating obesity would cut rates by just 3.6%.

Prof Ekelund added: "But I don't think it's a case of one or the other. We should also strive to reduce obesity, but I do think physical activity needs to be recognised as a very important public health strategy."

Prof Ekelund, who is based in Norway, is into cross country skiing and clocks up at least five hours of vigorous exercise each week.

However, he says all it would need to transform health, is brisk walking.

"I think people need to consider their 24-hour day.

"Twenty minutes of physical activity, equivalent to a brisk walk, should be possible for most people to include on their way to or from work, or on lunch breaks, or in the evening instead of watching TV."

The diseases caused by inactivity and obesity were largely the same, such as cardiovascular disease. However, type 2 diabetes was more common with obesity.

Tackle both

Commenting on the findings, Barbara Dinsdale, from the charity Heart Research UK, said: "This study once again reinforces the importance of being physically active, even when carrying excess weight.

"Changing your lifestyle is all good news for heart health, but physical activity is always easier to achieve and maintain without carrying the extra 'body baggage' of too much weight."

Prof John Ashton, president of the Faculty of Public Health, said changes were needed to make exercise easier.

"We need substantial investment in cycling infrastructure to make our streets safer.

"If more people cycled or walked to work or school, it would make a big difference in raising levels of physical activity."

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A lack of exercise could be killing twice as many people as obesity in Europe, a 12-year study of more than 300,000 people suggests. University of Cambridge researchers said about 676,000 deaths each year were down to inactivity, compared with 337,000 from carrying too much weight.

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- Climate change impacts humann infectious disease via pathogen, host, and transmission

- Global average temperature. has increased by 0.74 degrees (C) in the 20th century
- Global sea levels have been rising by 1.8mm per year since 1961
Arctic sea ice has been shrinking by 2.7% per decade
- Ocean water becomes more acidic and extreme weather events occur more often
- Weather conditions impact infectious diseases through affecting the pathogens, vectors, hosts and their living environment. Studies show that long term climate warming tends to favour the geographic expansion of several infectious diseases and extreme weather events may help create the opportunities for more clustered disease outbreaks or outbreaks at non-traditional places and time
- Weather affects the timing and intensity of disease outbreaks

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Video - Climate Change Relating to Diseases

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Video - Climate Change Relating to Diseases

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About 450 million people suffer from mental and behavioural disorders worldwide. One person in four will develop one or more of these disorders during their lifetime. Neuropsychiatric conditions account for 13% of the total Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost due to all diseases and injuries in the world and are estimated to increase to 15% by the year 2020. Five of the ten leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide are psychiatric conditions. Mental disorders represent not only an immense psychological, social and economic burden to society, but also increase the risk of physical illnesses. Given the current limitations in effectiveness of treatment modalities for decreasing disability due to mental and behavioural disorders, the only sustainable method for reducing the burden caused by these disorders is prevention.

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Brain injury Canada has many resources for rehabilitation, management, treatment, and outreach programs all across Ontario. https://www.braininjurycanada.ca/acquired-brain-injury/provincial-associations-and-care-services/ontario/

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Climate Change Affects on Infectious Diseases

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Climate Change Affects on Infectious Diseases

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https://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalhealthguides.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fktz%2FMental-Health-Promotion-Definition-34u5j0mqc0ka89twal83d6.png&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalhealthguides.com%2Fmental-health-promotion-definition.html&docid=I1UMa7K-vMogSM&tbnid=QmXOKkBG9Zg4kM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiV4sW48_3YAhWBiYMKHRhjCG4QMwjWASgjMCM..i&w=640&h=320&client=safari&bih=742&biw=1264&q=mental%20health%20definition&ved=0ahUKEwiV4sW48_3YAhWBiYMKHRhjCG4QMwjWASgjMCM&iact=mrc&uact=8

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Head injuries are one of the most common causes of disability and death in children. The injury can be as mild as a bump, bruise, or cut on the head, or can be moderate to severe in nature due to a concussion, deep cut or open wound, fractured skull bones or from internal bleeding and damage to the brain.

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Side effects of a brain injury may include
- Amnesia
- Confusion
- Headache
- Loss of Consiousness
- Balance Problems/ Dizziness
- Double/ Fuzzy vision
- Sensitivity to Light/ Noise
- Nausea
- Feeling Sluggish
- Irritable
- Slowed Reaction Time
- Concentration / Memory Problems
https://www.braininjurycanada.ca/acquired-brain-injury/

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departments are sports and recreation-related. Of those injuries, head injuries —including concussions— are among the most common type. 


https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/datalab/head-injuries-blog-en.html
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Mental Health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel and act. It also helps determine  how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.
MentalHealth.gov

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Obesity is associated with an increased risk for early death, heart disease and stroke, disability. Although there is concern about the potential burden on health-care services with the aging demographic and the increasing trend of obesity prevalence in older adults, evidence on which to base management strategies is conflicting for various reasons.

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Symptoms of Mental Health

feeling down for a while

extreme swings in mood

withdrawing from family, friends, or activities

low energy or problems sleeping

often feeling angry, hostile, or violent

feeling paranoid, hearing voices, or having hallucinations

often thinking about death or suicide.

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HEADS UP is a free online course for parents, coaches, and others that provides information around how to prevent, recognize, and respond to a concussion.
https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/youthsports/index.html

Concussion Epidemic
https://globalnews.ca/news/2392566/concussions-becoming-an-epidemic-problem-in-canadian-kids/

Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnIRso_04Ks

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On the table below, both weight and height are measured, showing if an individual may be underweight, or obese.

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According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2013–2014

More than 1 in 3 adults were considered to be overweight.

More than 2 in 3 adults were considered to be overweight or have obesity.

More than 1 in 3 adults were considered to have obesity.

About 1 in 13 adults were considered to have extreme obesity.

About 1 in 6 children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 were considered to have obesity.

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About one in five adults worldwide will have obesity by 2025 if current trends continue.

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Abnormal amount of fat in childhood can lead to numerous diseases and conditions.

Childhood obesity rates have triples in the last 30 years. (https://ww
w.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/childhood-obesity/childhood-obesity.html)

Physical health problems

high blood pressure or heart disease

type-2 diabetes

sleep apnea and other breathing problems

abnormal or missed menstrual cycles

bone and joint problems

reduced balance

Correlation between Cardiovascular disease and obesity. (https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/childhood-obesity/childhood-obesity.html)

Emotional health problems

low self-esteem and negative body image

depression

feeling judged

being teased or bullied (https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/childhood-obesity/childhood-obesity.html)

Tips for eating healthy

By following Canada's Food Guide, your family will be able to meet their energy and nutrient needs. Keep your fridge stocked with foods from all four food groups.

Set a good example for your children by being a role model for healthy eating. What you buy is what you and your family will eat. Start by making wise food choices when you shop.

Eat meals together as a family as often as possible.

Involve children in choosing foods at the grocery store by teaching them how to use the Nutrition Facts table.

Tips for being physically active

Children and teenagers should participate in at least 60 minutes of physical activity per day. This can include walking to and from school, playing sports, or riding a bike.

Set a good example. Try to add physical activity to your daily routine and encourage your children to join you.

Limit the amount of time your children spend on sedentary activities like watching television, playing video games, and surfing the web.

Be aware of the opportunities your community offers to help your family stay healthy. Are there bike paths nearby? What community programs are available throughout the year?https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/childhood-obesity/childhood-obesity.html

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Opioids are a class of drugs that include the illegal drug heroin, synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, and pain relievers available legally by prescription, such as oxycodone (OxyContin), hydrocodone (Vicodin), codeine, morphine, and many others.

Canada is in the midst of an epidemic of opioid use and abuse — involving both prescription and illicit forms of the potent narcotics — that shows no signs of abating and has led to an explosion of fatal overdoses.

Canada is in the midst of an epidemic of opioid use and abuse — involving both prescription and illicit forms of the potent narcotics — that shows no signs of abating and has led to an explosion of fatal overdoses.

Different type of Opioids
1. Codine
2. Fentanyl
3. Morphine
4. Oxycodone
5. Hydromorphine
6. Medical Heroin

Opioids are intended to treat pain. Since 2012 high doses of opioids have not been paid. Opioids are also used for the cancer chronic pain

2016, 2458 apparent deaths from opioids use and in 2017, the death number escalated to 2800 in 2017 due to opioids use (Alberta, 69% of deaths and Nova Scotia 15% of deaths)

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Factors Influencing Healthy Aging:
Diet
Exercise
Environmental Stress
Opportunities

DIET
-95% of people with eating disorders are aged 12 to 25.
-Manage sugar levels
-Follow Canada's Food Guide and drink lots of water.

EXERCISE
-150min moderate/vigerious a week general population.
-Low impact exercises as you age
-Flexibility, Strength and cardio training

ENVIROMENTAL
-Living in poverty lower life expectancy.
-Pollution/air quality
-Climate Change
-Water quality

OPPORTUNITIES
-Job opportunities
-Health services
-Availability of food services

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More than 3,000 deaths in 2017 from opioids.
Expected to double by the end of 2018

In order to prevent or help get over an opioid addiction there are many health centre's that offer care or support groups. There are many places to contact (via phone or email) to get help and give you advice.

Basic exercise and a healthy diet is also important to have. A good amount of exercise and clean eating will help improve your mood, overall health, sleep, and is a positive outlet.

Making sure you are hydrated is also important because when you detox vomiting is a big problem. And that can lead to dehydration.

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The 2013 Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey reported immunization rates among two-year-old children in Canada. Coverage rates for measles, mumps and rubella among the children stood at about 89 per cent, and 91 per cent for polio. Rates for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus were lower at about 77 per cent, and varicella – or chicken pox – had 73-per-cent coverage.

Primary Stage Vaccines aid infants, children, and teens from serious diseases. Childhood vaccinations start as early as 2 months old. Vaccines means your child can develop immunity (protection) against diseases before they come into contact with them.

Secondary - Detecting and administering the disease or injury as fast as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to reduce recurrence, and programs to guide people to their original health. This stage is to prevent long-term problems. Ex. Taking medication to help reduce the rate of infection.

Tertiary - Long term prevention. Education of others. Help modify the complicated problems that occur. Stroke rehabilitation, depression, diabetes programs are significant for the people on their journey to a healthy active lifestyle. Fitness and health professionals can administer the process of their voyage.

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Public E-Health Promotion and Prevention YouTube Video Legacy Project Public Health in Canada: HLSC 5124G Dr. Wally J Bartfay RN PHD

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Climate Change Affecting Infectious Diseases

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Climate Change Affecting Infectious Diseases

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Climate Change Affecting Infectious Diseases

Climate change affects the social and environmental determinants of health – clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.Areas with weak healthcare, especially developing countries, will be the least able to cope, prepare and respond to climate change.

Infection & Health Effects
Climate Change affects water-borne diseases and diseases that are transmitted through insects and cold blood animals. Climate change lengthens the transmission of seasons. Malaria is a disease that is highly influenced by climate. Climate change is expected to cause approximately 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.

Ø  38, 000 due to heat exposure in elderly people

Ø  48 000 due to diarrhea

Ø  60 000 due to malaria

Ø  95 000 due to childhood undernutrition.

Who’s at Risk?

All populations will be affected by climate change, but coastal regions, megacities, and mountainous and polar regions are particularly vulnerable.

Children in developing countries, elderly people, and people with pre-existing medical conditions are at the greatest risk.

Climate change is caused, mostly by the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases to trap heat in the lower atmosphere and affect the global climate.

Sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting, and precipitation (rain, snow, hail) patterns are changing. Extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent.

Climate Change & Extreme Heat
Overall health effects of a changing climate are going to be negative. Hot temperatures contribute to deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Pollen and other aeroallergen levels are also higher in extreme heat. These can trigger asthma, which affects around 300 million people. Ongoing temperature increases are expected to increase many pre-existing diseases.

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In 2014, 20.2% of Canadians aged 18 and above (roughly 5.3 million adults) were classified as obese after reporting their height and weight. From 2013 to 2014, the rate of obesity went from 20.1% to 21.8%.

As shown below, this color graph shows the lowest to highest rates of obesity across Canada. Green having significantly lower numbers, orange high.

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https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/datalab/head-injury-interactive-en.html

-There were 754 sport-related head injuries resulted in hospitalizations among children aged 5 to 19 years old in 2010-2011
- An estimated 15,970 patients presented to emergency departments across Canada with a sport-related head injury —including concussions— in 2011-2012
-  In children and youth 10 to 19 years of age, more than half of injuries treated in emergency departments are sports and recreation-related. Of those injuries, head injuries —including concussions— are among the most common type.
- When compared to other types of injuries, head-related injuries from football, soccer and hockey in children and youth increased by 40% between 2004 and 2014

https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/datalab/head-injuries-blog-en.html

- The three sports with the overall highest risks were rugby (four concussions per 1,000 AE), hockey (one concussion per 1,000 AE), and football (0.5 per 1,000 AE).
- youth concussions are under-studied
- youth recovery time is greater in children than in adults
http://explore.ucalgary.ca/head-injuries-youth