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1.x chromosome is one of the sex determining chromosomes in many organism.it is found in both male and female.in humans there are 23 pairs of chromosomes.22 pais of autosomes and 2 sex chromosome.in male the last pair of chromosome is xy and in female xx.
2.in birds the chromosome is zw.in male bird the chromosome is zz chromosome and in female zw chromosome.
in male bees release unfertilised eggs and called as haploid.in females lay fertilised eggs and called as diploid.
3.the zw system is used in sex determination in chromosomal system in birds,insects etc.

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ZW sex-determination system  Many such species have reinforced this allelic difference by differentiating sex chromosomes, some to a remarkable extent. Male heterogametic species have XX females and XY males, whereas female heterogametic species have ZW females and ZZ males

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 the male and female games of birds and honey bee

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MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES HONEY BEE
Honey bee are haplo - diploid species  during the queen egg is developing process , a diploid cell has 32 chromosome divided in to generate haploid cell called gametes

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Birds and honey bee  the sex chromosome in bird are designated z and w, and the male is the homomorphic sex [zz] and the female homomorphic [zw].

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1.chromosomes find out in many organism but x chromosomes find only in  male and female  in that male has 23 chromosomes and female has 23 chromosomes
they produce 46 chromosomes for thier zygote in that 44 chromosomes are autosomes and 2 chromosomes are sex chromosomes
2.male has xy gametes and female has xx gametes and male birds has zw gametes and female birds has zz gametes and queen honey bee has 36 chromosomes

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2. The male and female gametes.

gametes are the cell used during sexual reproduction to produce a new individual
organism or zygote. The male gamete, sperm, is a smaller, mobile cell that meets up with the much larger and less mobile female gamete, egg or ova. Both sperm and egg are only haploid cells.

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The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes.  in many organisms, including mammals .the other is the Y chromosome, and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex determination system and xo sex determination system.                                                                                                                                                  What is evolution of gene expression in ZW systems?                   The ZW sex-determination system is a chromosomal system that determines the sex of offspring in birds, some fish and crustaceans such as the giant river prawn, some insects (including butterflies and moths), and some reptiles, including Komodo dragons. The letters Z and W are used to distinguish this system from the XY sex-determination system.

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1.the trafficking off X chromosome means the deficiency of genes with male-biased expression [1–4], while mammalian X chromosomes are enriched for both spermatogenesis genes expressed pre-meiosis and multi-copy testis genes [5, 6].

2.IN BIRDS:
*The male and female gamets in birds in the male is Z-Z--the homogametic
* In female Z-W--the heterogametic sex
IN HANEY BEE:
*The male honey bee is also called drones these are developed to the unfertilized eggs.
*The female workers are diploid. the queen honey bee is developed by feeding royal jelly.
3 Z-W system mean females and males are XX and XY, respectively, in male heterogameticsystems, and males and females are ZZ and ZW,

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Gene off x chromosome in human spans more than 153 million base pairs [the building material of DNA]. IT Represent about 800 protein coding genes compared to the Y chromosome containing about 70 genes out of 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome.

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       1.   gene off x chromosome

The tight linkage between x chromosome and stem cell programming.

The pluripotent state coincides with epigenetic reprogramming of the X-chromosome. Female embryonic stem cells are characterized by the presence of two active X-chromosomes, cell differentiation by inactivation of one of the two Xs, and induced pluripotent stem cells by reactivation of the inactivated X-chromosome in the originating somatic cell.

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1.        In honeybees, the  (males) are entirely derived from the queen, their mother. The diploid queen has 32 chromosomes and the haploid drones have 16 chromosomes.  Drones produce sprems cells that contain their entire genome, so the sperm are all genetically .
2*GENE EXPRESSION IN ZW SYSTEM
The XY system contrasts in several ways with the ZW sex-determination system found in birds, some insects, many reptiles, and various other animals, ECT.
3*xchromosome it is a sex determining chromosomes in many organism .
*it is in both male and female
*it have there 23 pair of chromosome.
* in males chromosome  pair is xy.
*females chromosomes is xx.

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X CHROMOSOMES
The x chromosome has different pattern of gene  compared to the women .
The x chromosome is one of the two sex determining chromosome in many organism .x chromosome are named for its unique properties by early researchers .there are 23 pairs of chromosome in male and female.

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1. Find the gene trafficking off X chromosomes

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1. Find the gene trafficking off X chromosomes

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2. Find out the male and female games of birds and honey bee
3. What is evolution of gene expression in ZW systems?