# data[].attributes.body
Hormones are a highly effective biologically active substance secreted by endocrine glands or endocrine cells, which act as a messenger in the body to regulate the physiological processes of the body. It plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, gender and so on. The secretion of hormones is extremely small, at the level of nanograms, but its regulation is extremely obvious.

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Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a kind of macromolecular substance synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells and the like. Extracellular matrix is mainly divided into four large categories: collagen, non-collagen glycoprotein, proteoglycan and elastin.

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Cardiovascular disease, also known as circulatory disease, is a series of diseases involving the circulatory system. The circulatory system refers to the organs and tissues that transport blood in the human body, including the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and microvessels), which can be subdivided into acute and chronic, generally associated with arteriosclerosis.

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Blood coagulation is the process that blood changes from a flowing liquid state to a non-flowing jelly-like clot. This is a process of limited hydrolysis of a series of proteins involved by coagulation factors. The key process of blood coagulation is the conversion of fibrinogen in plasma to insoluble fibrin.

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Under normal physiological conditions, the fluctuation of human blood pressure is characterized by a near-day rhythm (or circadian rhythm). As body position changes, exercise, and digests food, blood pressure levels are constantly changing, even when sleeping at night. Blood pressure generally peaks after resumes activity in the morning, and then falls to a trough at 2 to 5 before dawn.

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Bioactive lipids in the human body mainly refer to eicosanoids. It is a large class of biologically active unsaturated fatty acids produced by the oxidation of twenty carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is an important inflammatory factor widely present in body fluids and tissues, regulating many physiological and pathological processes in the body.

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Atherosclerosis is the most common type of vascular disease; it starts from the lesion of intima. Generally, there are lipid and complex carbohydrate accumulation, hemorrhage and thrombosis, fibrous tissue hyperplasia and calcinosis, and gradual metamorphosis and calcification of the middle layer of the artery.

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Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels due to the development of existing capillaries and postcapillary veins. The first vessels in the developing embryo form through vasculogenesis, after which angiogenesis is responsible for most, if not all, blood vessel growth during development and in disease.

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DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.

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Homologous recombination (HR), the exchange of genetic information between allelic sequences, is a mechanism that repairs a variety of DNA lesions, including double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), single-strand DNA gaps and interstrand crosslinks. HR is important both for repairing DNA lesions in mitosis and for chromosomal pairing and exchange during meiosis.

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Base excision repair (BER) corrects small base lesions that do not significantly distort the DNA helix structure. It is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes the damaged base, leaving an abasic site which is further processed by short-patch repair or long-patch repair. Short-patch repair or long-patch repair largely uses different proteins to complete BER. BER may take place in nuclei or mitochondria, largely using different isoforms of proteins or genetically distant proteins.

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Post-translational modifications play an important role in cells, such as DNA recognition, protein-protein interactions, catalytic activity, and protein stability. Protein acetylation/deacetylation is a histone covalent modification that is mainly catalyzed by histone acetylase and histone deacetylase, respectively.

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DNA and histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4, H1) and some other proteins are combined and repeatedly folded and entangled to form a concentrated chromosome. Epigenetic modifications usually include DNA methylation and histone modification and RNA modification, while histone modifications include histone acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, and ubiquitination. Most of the modifications are located at the N-terminus of histones.

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Resistin is a cysteine-rich secreted protein present in plasma and belongs to resistin-like molecules (RELMs), also known as members of the family of FIZZs (found in inflammatory zone). Rodent resistin is secreted exclusively by adipocytes; whereas human resistin is expressed primarily in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and is increased in expression upon differentiation into macrophages.

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Aurora kinase is an important class of serine/threonine kinases responsible for the regulation of cell mitosis. In different model organisms, the structural and functional parts of members of the Aurora kinase family are highly conserved. In recent years, with the deepening of research on Aurora kinase, people have gradually recognized the important functions of Aurora kinase in cell mitosis and tumor formation.

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Histone methylation modification is a reversible dynamic regulation process. Methylation and/or demethylation status is closely related to epigenetics, transcriptional regulation, and maintenance of genomic integrity. Abnormalities in histone methylation status directly or indirectly affect various physiological and pathological processes.

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Adipose tissue has long been thought to be just a “warehouse” for storing lipids since it has been found that fat cells secrete certain cytokines and hormones which play an important role in adipose tissue itself and other organ tissues. It is recognized that adipose tissue is not only a place to store fat, but also an important endocrine tissue.

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Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of the most important biologically active molecules in the nervous system. It plays an important role and has clinical significance in regulating the growth, development, differentiation, survival of nerve cells and the regeneration and repair of injured nerves.

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In humans, Apelin is mainly expressed in vascular endothelial cells of heart, kidney and lung, and is less expressed in cardiomyocytes, lung, kidney, adrenal secretory cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, adipose tissue, and nerve cells. The human apelin gene is located on chromosome Xq25-26 and consists of three exons and two introns.

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Lipocalin protein belongs to a large class of adipocytokines, and lipocalin family proteins include LCN2, LCN6, LCN9, LCN11-13, retinol-binding protein, α-microglobulin, α1 acid glycoprotein, insect bile pigment binding protein and β-lactoglobulin, etc. All have a homologous beta barrel structure.

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As a member of AGC kinases family, PDK-1, a protein of 556 amino acids, is composed of serine and threonine kinases. The catalytic domain of these serine and threonine kinases show a sequential similarity with cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKA), cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and protein kinase C (PKC). There are two phosphorylation sites that many AGC kinases and they are to regulate the activity of AGC kinases.

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Veterinary drugs are a complex group of substances with a couple of hundred actives belonging to different chemical classes and therapeutic areas, e.g. antibiotics, anticoccidial drug, hormones and anabolics drugs, such as androgens, estrogens and, beta-agonists. When food producing animals are treated with antibiotics, hormones or anabolics to cure and prevent diseases, and also to increase weight gain and tranquilise during transportation, drug residues remain in the animal’s meat and milk. These residues may bear health risks for consumers.

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Adipose tissue not only stores energy but also secretes a variety of inflammatory mediators and cellular factors. It secretes tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, retinol-binding protein, resistin, adiponectin, visfatin, etc., affecting carbohydrates and lipid metabolism and playing an important role in pathophysiological processes such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, inflammatory response, and vascular endothelial dysfunction.

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Vaspin is a member of the serine protease inhibitor family. When an animal model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes was established in OLETF (Otsu-ka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rats, and the peak plasma concentration of obesity and insulin occurred, Hida et al found that vaspin was highly expressed in visceral adipose tissue.

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Adiponectin is also known as Acrp30, Apm1, AdipoQ, and GBP28. Initially, adiponectin was found in human subcutaneous adipose tissue, plasma, and murine fat cells. As an insulin hypersensitizing hormone (An Insulin-sensitizing Hormone), adiponectin can increase the fatty acid oxidation and sugar absorption of skeletal muscle cells, significantly enhance insulin's inhibition of gluconeogenesis and inhibit liver glycogen production

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Adenylate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a key role in the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis. This kinase is activated by a response to stress factors that deplete the supply of cellular ATP, including hypoglycemia, hypoxia, ischemia, and heat shock. AMPK can be found as a heterotrimeric complex containing a catalytic alpha subunit and regulatory beta and gamma subunits.

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The human chemerin-encoding gene is 3289 bp in length and is in chromosome 7q36.1, which consists of 4 exons and 3 introns. Chemerin was cloned in 1997 by Nagpal et al. in the treatment of psoriasis with the tretinoin-based drug, taurine, which upregulates gene expression.

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Lipid metabolism mainly includes triglyceride (TG) metabolism, metabolism of cholesterol and its esters, and phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism. In these metabolic processes, many proteases, receptors, transcription factors, etc. are involved, and they are regulated by some signal transduction pathways,...

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The CXCR signaling pathway family mainly comprises chemokines and chemokine receptors and CXCR consists of about 330 amino acids. The seven transmembrane regions divide the molecule into an extracellular free N-terminus, three extracellular loops, three intracellular loops, and several C-terminal portions.

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LRRK2 protein is composed of seven functional domains: ANK, LRR, ROC, CDR, MAPKKK~H, and WD-40. Among them, ANK, LRR~H WD-40 are involved in protein interactions, ANKs are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and LRR can be involved in mediating GTPase and protein kinase activities. The gene mutation of the LR domain is closely related to the occurrence of Parkinson’s disease.

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Chemokines are a family of chemoattractant cytokines released by tissues in the earliest phases of infection. They are usually produced by a wide variety of cell types in response to bacterial products, viruses, and agents that trigger physical damage. These small proteins directly induce chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells, leading to the movement of the cells toward the source of the chemokines.

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The adipocytokine signaling pathway refers to the sum of all proteins, factors, and all proteins responsible for the regulation in the adipocytokine signaling pathway. Fat cells are an active endocrine and paracrine organ that secretes a variety of cytokines and biologically active substances that not only regulate energy balance in the body, but also participate in the process of inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, insulin resistance, diabetes and atherosclerosis.

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Cellular senescence provides sufficient time for DNA damage repair to maintain the stability of the cell's genome. Cellular senescence requires signal transduction, and the two most important signaling pathways are the P16Ink4a/Rb (retinoblastoma protein) pathway and the P19Arf/P53/P21Cip1 pathway, which interact but independently regulate the process of the cells cycle.

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The dynamic balance between cell death, proliferation, and differentiation is an important condition for maintaining the development and tissue homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Traditionally, apoptosis is the only form of programmed cell death, and necroptosis is the passive death of cells under extreme conditions, independent of the regulation of intracellular and extracellular signals.

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The Rho family of proteins is the first cloned protein in the Ras superfamily. They are a group of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins with a relative molecular mass of about 2025 KD, which have GTPase activity and are called the "GTP enzymes". The Rho GTPase plays an important role in the regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization.

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Wee1 protein kinase is a key regulatory center in DNA replication, chromosomal concentration, and histone transcription. These biological behavioral abnormalities can lead to genomic instability and cause malignant tumors, but inhibition or down-regulation of Wee1 protein kinase expression in malignant tumors can trigger mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis leads to tumor cell death.

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The thyroid hormone signaling pathway has a wide range of functions in terms of individual development, maintenance of homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and glucose metabolism. Thyroid hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, including thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4).

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Prolactin is a hormone with more than 300 independent functions. It is mainly secreted by the anterior pituitary cells and can be synthesized and secreted by other extensive cells in the body. These cells include various immune cells, brain and decidual cells of the uterus, skin cells, etc. Many experimental results have shown that PRL is present in all vertebrates.

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The oxytocin signaling pathway refers to signaling pathway proteins including oxytocin, oxytocin receptors, and related regulatory factors. Oxytocin is a peptide hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary. Synthesized from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus, it consists of 9 amino acids.

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The relaxin signaling pathway refers to all proteins involved in the pathway of relaxin signaling pathway and related regulatory factors. Relaxin is a peptide hormone that relaxes the birth canal before delivery. Mainly produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary during mammalian pregnancy, it relaxes the pelvic ligament, loosens the pubic symphysis, and dilates the cervix and vagina.

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The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA–PK) is a nuclear serine/threonine protein kinase which is activated after the interaction with its target DNA. DNA–PK is a complex composed of a large catalytic subunit named DNA–PKcs and a heterodimer of Ku proteins (Ku70/80) that is a regulatory factor.

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The estrogen signaling pathway refers to all proteins of estrogen function and related regulatory proteins. Estrogen is a substance that promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics and sexual organ maturation in female animals. It is secreted by the ovary and placenta of female animals.

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The glucagon signaling pathway refers to the sum of a series of proteins and regulatory factors involved in the function of glucagon. Human pancreatic hyperglycemia is a linear polypeptide consisting of 29 amino acids with a molecular weight of 3485, which is also cleaved by precursors of macromolecules.

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The insulin signaling pathway is the sum of all proteins involved in the action of insulin in the body and the factors that regulate this pathway. Since the discovery of insulin in 1921, people's perspective has focused on insulin in the liver, skeletal muscle and blood sugar control, which stimulates skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to take up glucose, inhibits gluconeogenesis of liver tissue, and exerts hypoglycemic effects.

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MELK was originally found to be expressed during early development of embryos and cellular processes, suggesting that it plays an important role in embryogenesis and cell cycle control. In addition, MELK is also expressed in some human cancers as well as stem cell populations where it shows unique spatial and temporal patterns of expression in specific tissues.

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Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that play an essential role in the survival, development and function of neurons. They significantly regulate axonal and dendritic growth and guidance, synaptic structure and connections, neurotransmitter release, long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic plasticity.

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Like other nuclear receptor super families, PPAR is essentially a class of ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators, all of which are single subunits with an N-terminal region (A/B region), a highly conserved DNA-binding region (C region), and the hormone binding region of the C-terminus (region E).

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The thyroid hormone signaling pathway has a wide range of functions in terms of individual development, maintenance of homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and glucose metabolism. Thyroid hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, including thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4).

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The transition between different states of the eukaryotic cell cycle is mainly controlled by checkpoints, which consist of two protein families: cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) and cycling. The former monomer has no enzymatic activity and can only be activated when it forms a CDK-cyclin complex with the latter.

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The role of the cell cycle checkpoint kinase is to maintain the genome's fidelity by blocking the cell cycle and repairing damaged DNA after DNA damage. Known cell cycle checkpoint kinases include: Chk1 (checkpoint kinase 1) and Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2). Both of them have overlapping substrate profiles and similar structures but are not expressed equally in cells and tissues of different tumors and other diseases.

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The Rho subfamily belongs to a member of the small molecule G protein in the Ras superfamily and has GTPase activity. It converts between an activated state (bound to GTP) and an inactive state (bound to GDP), acting as a molecular switch, and is a Rho protein that exerts various biological effects by binding to its downstream target effector molecule.

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The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multifunctional ubiquitin ligase involved in cell cycle, metabolism, DNA damage repair, autophagy, apoptosis, aging, tumors and a variety of biological processes. As an important post-translational modification, ubiquitination regulates protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). APC/C has a large molecular weight and consists of multiple subunits.

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Polo-like kinase (PLK) is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase with a highly homologous serine/threonine kinase domain at its N-terminus, which regulates PLK activity and subcellular dynamics at the C-terminus and targeted polo-box domain (PBD).

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Interleukin 17 (IL-17 or IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. This cytokine is generated by a group of T helper cell known as T helper 17 cells. Originally, Th17 was defined in 1993 by Rouvier et al. who isolated IL17 transcripts from rodent T-cell hybridomas.

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CD27 and CD70 molecules are typical members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). So CD27 is also known as the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 7(TNFRSF7), and its ligand is called tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily 7(TNFLSF7).

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CD40 (also known TNFRSF5, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5.) is a costimulatory protein and expresses on antigen presenting cells (APC). In human, CD40 is coded by TNFRSF5 gene and has 7 transcripts. Its ligand, CD154 (CD40L), is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is also a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules.

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TCR ligation of T cells transiently induces expression of 4-1BB (also known as CD137 or TNFRSF9, encoded by TNFRSF9), a fellow of the TNF receptor superfamily. 4-1BB was originally identified in mice by a modified differential screening procedure.

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Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by activated T-cells. Recently discovered related molecules are forming a family of cytokines, the IL-17 family. The prototype member of the family has been designated IL-17A.

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Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-12 is composed of a bundle of four alpha helices.

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The Interleukin-10 family (IL-10 family) is a group of 6 cytokines, which plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. In addition to IL-10, it includes IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. Some sources also include the interferons IL-28 and IL-29.

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Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind cytokines. In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating immunodeficiency states.

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The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulate the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors.

# data[].attributes.body
The Wnt protein family includes a large number of cysteine-rich glycoproteins. The Wnt proteins activate signal transduction cascades via three different pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway.

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Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) give rise to every type of neural cells, forming the most complex and functional organ of the body. In the mammalian embryonic central nervous system (CNS), NS/PCs are found in the basal forebrain, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, ganglionic eminence, cerebellum, neural crest, and spinal cord.

# data[].attributes.body
Increasing studies have confirmed that the pathogenesis of diabetes is related to various signaling pathways, such as insulin signaling pathway, AMPK pathway, and PPAR regulation and chromatin modification pathways. These signaling pathways have thus become the major source of the promising novel drug targets to treat metabolic diseases and diabetes.

# data[].attributes.body
The c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with structural similarity to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. It was discovered in the 1980s as the oncogene product of the chicken sarcoma RNA UR2 (University of Rochester) tumor virus.

# data[].attributes.body
Angiogenesis is deﬁned as the process by which new blood vessels are formed from the pre-existing blood vessels in response to numerous mechanical, chemical, and inﬂammatory stimuli, enhancing tumor survival and progression. Tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis and lymph angiogenesis.

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The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)), a family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.

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Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. Therefore, an immune response is tightly regulated, and multiple mechanisms are in place to prevent autoimmune reactions to self-proteins.

# data[].attributes.body
The traditional concept is that adipose tissue is an inert tissue that functions as storing fat, supplying energy and insulation, absorbing shock, regulating body temperature, filling and fixing. However, in recent years it has been observed that adipose tissue is also an endocrine organ with active metabolism and complex functions.

# data[].attributes.body
Osteocyte is the main cell in mature bone tissue, which is derived from bone marrow cells. When the new bone matrix is calcified, the cells are embedded therein. At this point, the cell's synthesis activity stops, and the cytoplasm decreases to become a bone cell.

# data[].attributes.body
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, otherwise known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene which contains 8 exons. From the sequencing data, the composition of exons and introns and the location of the chromosomes all indicate that the relationship between LGA3 and CD4 is closely related.

# data[].attributes.body
Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279, is a cell surface receptor that plays an important role in down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. In humans, it is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T-cells and pro-B cells.

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T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), otherwise known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAVCR2 gene. TIM-3 belongs to TIM family cell surface receptor proteins. These proteins share a similar structure, in which the extracellular region consists of membrane distal single variable immunoglobulin domain (IgV) and a glycosylated mucin domain of variable length located closer to the membrane.

# data[].attributes.body
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), otherwise known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAVCR2 gene. TIM-3 belongs to TIM family cell surface receptor proteins. These proteins share a similar structure, in which the extracellular region consists of membrane distal single variable immunoglobulin domain (IgV) and a glycosylated mucin domain of variable length located closer to the membrane.

# data[].attributes.body
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)), a family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.

# data[].attributes.body
The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines, which plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults. In 1985 two distinct, but distantly related complementary DNAs encoding proteins sharing human IL-1 activity were reported to be isolated from a macrophage cDNA library, thus defining two individual members of the IL-1 family – IL-1α and IL-1β.

# data[].attributes.body
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4), also known as CD134 and OX40 receptor, is a fellow of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors. It is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF4 gene which contains 9 exons. It also has been demonstrated to have a key role in the survival and homeostasis of effector and memory T cells in transplantation and autoimmunity.

# data[].attributes.body
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue, mitogenesis, i.e. proliferation, of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, tenocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal stem cells as well as chemotaxis, the directed migration, of mesenchymal cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells. Their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells; they are chemotactic cytokines. Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics.

# data[].attributes.body
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.

# data[].attributes.body
EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. EGF family members have at least one common structural motif, the EGF domain, which consists of six conserved cysteine residues forming three disulfide bonds.

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Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the firmicutes. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. Individual cells are rod-shaped, members of which are found in soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals.

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The circulating phagocytic immune cell is considered to be the main effector of the invertebrate defense system, involved in both immune and neuroendocrine responses, showing the functional characteristics of vertebrate macrophage.

# data[].attributes.body
Angiogenesis is deﬁned as the process by which new blood vessels are formed from the pre-existing blood vessels in response to numerous mechanical, chemical, and inﬂammatory stimuli, enhancing tumor survival and progression. Tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis and lymph angiogenesis.

# data[].attributes.body
The Interleukin-6 family (IL-6 family) is a group of cytokines consisting of IL-6, IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1). They are grouped into one family because the receptor complex of each cytokine contains two (IL-6 and IL-11) or one molecule (all others cytokines) of the signaling receptor subunit gp130.

# data[].attributes.body
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine.

# data[].attributes.body
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulate the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors.

# data[].attributes.body
The Wnt protein family includes a large number of cysteine-rich glycoproteins. The Wnt proteins activate signal transduction cascades via three different pathways, the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway.

# data[].attributes.body
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) give rise to every type of neural cells, forming the most complex and functional organ of the body. In the mammalian embryonic central nervous system (CNS), NS/PCs are found in the basal forebrain, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, ganglionic eminence, cerebellum, neural crest, and spinal cord.

# data[].attributes.body
Increasing studies have confirmed that the pathogenesis of diabetes is related to various signaling pathways, such as insulin signaling pathway, AMPK pathway, and PPAR regulation and chromatin modification pathways. These signaling pathways have thus become the major source of the promising novel drug targets to treat metabolic diseases and diabetes.

# data[].attributes.body
The c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with structural similarity to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. It was discovered in the 1980s as the oncogene product of the chicken sarcoma RNA UR2 (University of Rochester) tumor virus.

# data[].attributes.body
Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. Therefore, an immune response is tightly regulated, and multiple mechanisms are in place to prevent autoimmune reactions to self-proteins.

# data[].attributes.body
The traditional concept is that adipose tissue is an inert tissue that functions as storing fat, supplying energy and insulation, absorbing shock, regulating body temperature, filling and fixing. However, in recent years it has been observed that adipose tissue is also an endocrine organ with active metabolism and complex functions.

# data[].attributes.body
Osteocyte is the main cell in mature bone tissue, which is derived from bone marrow cells. When the new bone matrix is calcified, the cells are embedded therein. At this point, the cell's synthesis activity stops, and the cytoplasm decreases to become a bone cell.

# data[].attributes.body
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, otherwise known as LAG-3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAG3 gene which contains 8 exons. From the sequencing data, the composition of exons and introns and the location of the chromosomes all indicate that the relationship between LGA3 and CD4 is closely related.

# data[].attributes.body
Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279, is a cell surface receptor that plays an important role in down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. In humans, it is encoded by the PDCD1 gene. PD-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T-cells and pro-B cells.

# data[].attributes.body
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), otherwise known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAVCR2 gene. TIM-3 belongs to TIM family cell surface receptor proteins. These proteins share a similar structure, in which the extracellular region consists of membrane distal single variable immunoglobulin domain (IgV) and a glycosylated mucin domain of variable length located closer to the membrane.

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The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic environment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis") consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)), a family of six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectively as proteases.