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Now you know about periods going left to right. The periodic table also has a special name for its vertical columns. Each column is called a group. The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital.

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In chemistry, a group is a vertical column in the Periodic Table. Groups may be referred to either by number or by name. For example, Group 1 is also known as the Alkali Metals. For further information, read about the Chemistry of Groups.

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of the periodic table. They are very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline hydroxides.

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The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)

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any of the series of fifteen metallic elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table.

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any of the gaseous elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, occupying Group 0 (18) of the periodic table. They were long believed to be totally unreactive but compounds of xenon, krypton, and radon are now known.

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any of the series of fifteen metallic elements from actinium (atomic number 89) to lawrencium (atomic number 103) in the periodic table. They are all radioactive, the heavier members being extremely unstable and not of natural occurrence.

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any of the set of metallic elements occupying a central block (Groups VIIB–VIII, IB, and IIB, or 4–12) in the periodic table, e.g., iron, manganese, chromium, and copper. Chemically they show variable valence and a strong tendency to form coordination compounds, and many of their compounds are colored.